Simons v. United States

• Decision Date: 08 May 1974
• Docket Number: No. 71-2263.,71-2263.
• Citation: 497 F.2d 1046
• Parties: Yale SIMONS, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

497 F.2d 1046 (1974)

Yale SIMONS, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 71-2263.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

May 8, 1974.

A. Alexander Katz (argued), Phoenix, Ariz., for petitioner-appellant.

Michael B. Scott (argued), William C. Smitherman, U. S. Atty., N. Warner Lee, Asst. U. S. Atty., Phoenix, Ariz., for respondent-appellee.

Sheldon Mitchell, American Civil Liberties Union, Phoenix, Ariz., for amicus curiae.

Before CARTER and HUFSTEDLER, Circuit Judges, and PREGERSON,^* District Judge.

HUFSTEDLER, Circuit Judge:

Simons appeals from dismissal of his action for lack of jurisdiction.

The facts of this case may be gleaned from the pleadings and the affidavits in support of the motions of Simons and the Government for summary judgment. Simons is a public spirited citizen whose chief interest is the rehabilitation of ex-convicts. He is the founder of a nationwide organization, "The 7th Step Foundation," dedicated to assisting ex-convicts to become useful members of society. In the course of the foundation's program, Simons learned that an ex-convict named Hand, who was actively engaged in rehabilitation work for the foundation, had been helping another ex-convict, George Hargrove. Hand knew that Hargrove had a job waiting for him if he could obtain a car for transportation. Simons knew, of course, that Hargrove had a criminal record. Hand and Hargrove were among more than 100 ex-convicts whom the foundation had been assisting. Hand, Simons, and Hargrove all signed a promissory note payable to an Arizona bank to enable Hargrove to obtain financing to purchase an automobile. Hargrove became the registered owner of the vehicle and executed a security agreement in favor of the bank. Hargrove made the payments to the bank until, on May 11, 1969, about two months after the purchase of the automobile, the Treasury Department seized the vehicle, under the provisions of 49 U.S.C. § 782, because Hargrove had been charged with transporting an illegal, unregistered firearm (26 U.S.C. §§ 5841, 5845(a)) in the vehicle. The charges against Hargrove were later dismissed.

Almost immediately after the seizure, on May 15, 1969, Hargrove ceased and Simons began making payments for the car. On May 19, 1969, Simons, in a telephone conversation with Stan Cook, described in Simons' affidavit merely as "the Federal Agent in Charge," told Cook of Simons' interest in the seized automobile. Nearly two months after Simons' conversation with agent Cook, the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the Treasury Department mailed to the bank and published in an Arizona newspaper notices of the impending forfeiture of the automobile. Because no one timely filed the required claim and cost bond (see 19 U.S.C. § 1608), the car was administratively forfeited (see 19 U.S.C. § 1609) on July 29, 1969. Simons apparently was notified personally neither of the imminence of the forfeiture nor, later, of the fact that the car had been administratively forfeited.

First the bank and then Simons sought administrative relief from forfeiture. The bank's application for remission from forfeiture was denied on November 3, 1969, by the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division of the Treasury Department on the ground that the bank "failed to satisfactorily establish that through the exercise of reasonable diligence it could not have ascertained that at the time of the transaction, the person dealt with possessed a record and a reputation as a violator of the laws relating to commercial crimes." Simons filed a formal petition with the Treasury Department on October 7, 1969, seeking remission, and, pursuant to the Department's request, he filed an amended petition. After failing to receive any notice of disposition from the Department, he filed this action in the district court on March 9, 1970. The same day Simons was notified that his request for administrative relief had been denied. The Government then sold the automobile.

In the proceeding he filed in the district court, Simons initially sought remission of the forfeiture of the automobile. Before any pleading was filed by the Government, Simons filed an amended pleading modifying the caption and minor portions of the complaint. Also before any responsive pleading was filed, Simons moved for summary judgment, and the Government filed a countermotion for summary judgment and a motion to dismiss. In Simons' reply to the Government's motions, he prayed that the complaint be deemed amended to conform to the facts developed during the motions procedure, including the facts that "no notice of the forfeiture, other than the purported publication, was given Simons; that the car has been sold; that $250.00 was realized; that Simons claims that the district court has jurisdiction under the Tucker Act; and that Simons is entitled to damages based upon the appraised value of the car." The district court denied Simons' motion for summary judgment and granted the Government's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. Upon appeal, we remanded to the district court to ascertain whether the court deemed the petition amended to state a claim under the Tucker Act (28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(2)), as appellant had requested, before the court dismissed the action. The record contained no ruling on the request for amendment. The district court responded that it "did not deem the petition amended to state a claim under the Tucker Act for the reasons stated by Judge Carter in his opinion filed simultaneously with the above-mentioned order, and had the court so considered the petition as amended it still would have dismissed for the reasons stated by Judge Carter in his dissenting opinion."¹ The case is before us on resubmission.

If the district court correctly refused to deem the amendments made to the petition, the court was also correct in dismissing the cause for lack of jurisdiction, because there was no foundation for federal jurisdiction of the cause as pleaded in the original or the first amended petitions. Our court holds that a district court has no jurisdiction to remit or to mitigate a forfeiture, other than a forfeiture for violating internal revenue laws relating to liquor. (E. g., United States v. One 1967 Ford Mustang (9th Cir. 1972) 457 F.2d 931; United States v. Bride (9th Cir. 1962) 308 F.2d 470; United States v. Andrade (9th Cir. 1950) 181 F.2d 42.)

The district court should have deemed the pleading amended for the purpose of ruling on the motion to dismiss, unless the amendment would have been futile. (Foman v. Davis (1962) 371 U.S. 178, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222; Breier v. Northern California Bowling Proprietors' Ass'n (9th Cir. 1963) 316 F.2d 787.)²

The amendment would not have been futile because a complaint so amended would state a claim for relief under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(2). (Menkarell v. Bureau of Narcotics (3d Cir. 1972) 463 F.2d 88; United States v. One 1961 Red Chevrolet Impala Sedan (5th Cir. 1972) 457 F.2d 1353; Jaekel v. United States (S.D.N. Y.1969) 304 F.Supp. 993; cf. Ramsey v. United States (9th Cir. 1964) 329 F.2d 432 (semble).) Relief under the Tucker Act is founded on the legal theory that the forfeiture was unlawful, rather than on the theory that, even if the forfeiture was lawful, the claimant is an innocent party who should be given discretionary relief from the effects of the forfeiture. The former theory relates to the propriety of the forfeiture; the latter concerns the manner of disposing of property properly forfeited (see 19 U.S.C. § 1613). It is not inconsistent, therefore, to hold both that district courts are without jurisdiction to remit or mitigate forfeitures and that district courts have jurisdiction to award relief from unlawful forfeitures. While...