U.S. v. Zamudio-Carrillo

• Citation: 499 F.3d 1206
• Decision Date: 28 August 2007
• Docket Number: No. 06-3193.,06-3193.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Eder ZAMUDIO-CARRILLO, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit)

499 F.3d 1206

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Eder ZAMUDIO-CARRILLO, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 06-3193.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

August 28, 2007.

E. Jay Greeno, Wichita, KS, for Defendant-Appellant.

Eric F. Melgren, United States Attorney (Brent I. Anderson, Assistant United States Attorney, with him on the brief), District of Kansas, Wichita, KS, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before MURPHY, McKAY, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

I. Introduction

Appellant, Eder Zamudio-Carrillo was charged in a superseding indictment with drug and immigration crimes. Zamudio-Carrillo filed a motion to suppress statements he made during his arrest and subsequent detention and evidence seized during a search of the vehicle he was driving at the time of his arrest. The district court denied the motion and Zamudio-Carrillo entered a conditional guilty plea to Counts 1 and 2 in the superseding indictment. He was sentenced to seventy-two months' imprisonment and three years' supervised release. Zamudio-Carrillo then brought this appeal challenging the denial of his suppression motion. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the denial of Zamudio-Carrillo's motion.

II. Background

Trooper John Rule, an officer with the Kansas Highway Patrol, was patrolling a stretch of I-70 in northwest Kansas when he observed a white Ford Explorer with Arizona specialty license plates¹ traveling in an eastbound lane. Rule, who was traveling westbound, testified he suspected the Explorer had a false compartment because the rear of the vehicle was raised higher than normal. Rule turned his patrol car around in the median and attempted to catch up to the Explorer. As he pursued the Explorer, Rule passed a green Ford Escape, traveling approximately a quarter mile behind the Explorer and displaying the same Arizona specialty plate.

Rule, who was traveling parallel to the Explorer, looked across the lane into the Explorer's rear wheel well. Rule testified he was able to see a heavy layer of fresh undercoating and became certain the Explorer contained a false floor compartment. As he dropped back behind the Explorer and prepared to initiate a traffic stop, Rule observed the driver of the Explorer commit a traffic violation. Rule activated his emergency lights and pulled the Explorer over to the shoulder of the road. As Rule radioed in the license plate number for the Explorer, the green Ford Escape passed him and Rule noticed the Escape's Arizona specialty license plate was sequentially numbered.

Rule approached the passenger window of the Explorer and asked the driver, Archy Beltran-Lugo, for her driver's license. Rule then twice asked Beltran-Lugo whether she was traveling with another vehicle and she answered no both times. Rule testified he disbelieved Beltran-Lugo because he considered the odds that two unrelated vehicles with sequentially numbered, out-of-state specialty license plates would be traveling within half a mile of each other on a Kansas highway to be "astronomical." Rule then looked underneath the rear of the Explorer and confirmed the presence of a false compartment approximately four inches deep and running the width and length of the rear cargo area. Because Rule believed Beltran-Lugo was traveling in tandem with the driver of the Escape, he contacted dispatch and asked them to send an officer to locate the Escape. In response to the call, Trooper Steven Harvey pulled up to Rule's location and Rule gave him a brief description of the Escape. Harvey then left in pursuit of the Escape.

After arresting Beltran-Lugo, Rule ran his drug dog around the Explorer. The dog entered the vehicle and alerted to the rear cargo area. Rule testified he did not make a thorough search of the area at that time because he believed it would be a significant undertaking to expose the hidden compartment and its contents.

While Rule detained Beltran-Lugo, Trooper Harvey pulled the green Escape over approximately eight miles down the highway. The Escape was driven by defendant Zamudio-Carrillo. After reviewing Zamudio-Carrillo's driver's license, Trooper Harvey asked him to step out of the vehicle, patted him down, and then handcuffed him.

Both the Explorer and the Escape were towed to highway patrol headquarters. Officers searched the Explorer and found twenty-three kilograms of cocaine hidden in the false compartment. During an inventory search of the Escape, officers discovered a hidden compartment containing nine kilograms of cocaine and fifteen kilograms of heroin.

Zamudio-Carrillo was charged with one count of possession with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine and one count of possession with intent to distribute more than one kilogram of heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); one count of traveling in interstate commerce to promote an unlawful activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3); and one count of unlawful entry into the United States by an alien, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(1). He moved to suppress statements he made during his detention and the evidence found during the search of the Ford Escape. The district court denied the motion, ruling the seizure and arrest of Zamudio-Carrillo and the seizure and search of his vehicle were supported by probable cause and, thus, were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The court stated, "Under the totality of the circumstances, the facts known to the officers in addition to the apparent presence of a false compartment in the Explorer would have suggested to a reasonable person that the drivers of these two vehicles were engaged in a joint enterprise involving drug smuggling." Zamudio-Carrillo pleaded guilty to one count of possession with intent to distribute cocaine and one count of possession with intent to distribute heroin but preserved his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion.

III. Discussion

When reviewing a district court's denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district court's factual findings for clear error and consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government. United States v. Grimmett, 439 F.3d 1263, 1268 (10th Cir. 2006). The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit warrantless arrests based on probable cause. Apodaca v. City of Albuquerque, 443 F.3d 1286, 1289 (10th Cir. 2006). Probable cause to arrest exists when the "facts and circumstances within the officers' knowledge, and of which they have reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed." United States v. Valenzuela, 365 F.3d 892, 896 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Probable cause is measured against an objective standard of reasonableness and may rest on the collective knowledge of all officers involved in an investigation rather than solely on the knowledge of the officer who made the arrest. Id.; United States v. Merritt, 695 F.2d 1263, 1268 (10th Cir. 1982). "The ultimate determination of whether probable cause to arrest existed is a legal issue that we review de novo." Valenzuela, 365 F.3d at 896.

Zamudio-Carrillo argues the initial stop of his vehicle was improper because Trooper Harvey did not observe him commit a traffic violation and did not have reasonable articulable suspicion that a traffic violation had occurred. He further argues that even if the...