Graham v. Dunkley, 2006-09666.

Decision Date01 February 2008
Docket Number2006-09666.
Citation2008 NY Slip Op 00958,50 A.D.3d 55,852 N.Y.S.2d 169
PartiesSHARON GRAHAM, Respondent, v. RAYON S. DUNKLEY, Defendant, and NILT, INC., Appellant. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Intervenor.
CourtNew York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

London Fischer, LLP (Proskauer Rose, LLP [Edwin M. Baum and Bruce E. Fader] of counsel), for appellant.

Andre Mura and John Vail, of the Washington, D.C. bar, admitted pro hac vice (Scott J. Zlotolow of counsel), for respondent.

Roslynn R. Mauskopf, United States Attorney, Brooklyn (Peter D. Keisler, Mark B. Stern, Charles W. Scarborough and Elliot M. Schachner of counsel), for United States of America, intervenor.

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, LLP, Washington, D.C. (Theodore B. Olson, Mark A. Perry and Henry C. Whitaker of counsel), Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, LLP, Washington, D.C. (Paul Blankenstein of counsel), and Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, LLP, Los Angeles, California (Gail E. Lees of counsel), for Avis Budget Group, Inc., amicus curiae.

Edwin E. Huddleson, Washington, D.C., for American Automotive Leasing Association, amicus curiae.

O'Melveny & Myers, LLP, New York City (Bradley J. Butwin, Brian P. Brooks, and Arthur W.S. Duff of counsel), for Truck Renting and Leasing Association and others, amici curiae.

Shaub Ahmuty Citrin & Spratt, LLP, Lake Success (Martin F. Hayes and Andrew Zajac of counsel), for Defense Association of New York, Inc., amicus curiae.

Silberstein Awad & Miklos, Garden City (Joseph P. Awad of counsel), for New York State Trial Lawyers' Association, amicus curiae.

Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw, LLP, New York City (Andrew L. Frey, Erika Z. Jones, and Charles A. Rothfeld of counsel), for New York State Automobile Dealers Association and others, amici curiae.

OPINION OF THE COURT

CARNI, J.

The plaintiff allegedly was injured in a two-car collision in Queens. The driver of the other car, the defendant Rayon S. Dunkley, leased his vehicle from County Line Buick Nissan, Inc., in Middlebury, Connecticut, which subsequently assigned the lease to the defendant NILT, Inc. (hereinafter NILT). On or about March 8, 2006, the plaintiff commenced this action against Dunkley and NILT. The complaint did not allege any affirmative negligence on the part of NILT, but sought damages from it based on vicarious liability. NILT moved, inter alia, to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against it for failure to state a cause of action, based on 49 USC § 30106 (hereinafter the Graves Amendment), a federal statute which bars vicarious liability actions against professional lessors and renters of vehicles. The Supreme Court, Queens County, held that the Graves Amendment was an unconstitutional enactment in excess of congressional power pursuant to the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution and therefore denied that branch of NILT's motion. We reverse the order insofar as appealed from.

Generally, at common law, absent an agency relationship, the owner of a vehicle was not vicariously liable for injuries caused by a driver using the vehicle with the owner's permission (see Morris v Snappy Car Rental, 84 NY2d 21, 27 [1994]). In 1924, the New York State Legislature enacted a statute which imposed such liability (see former Highway Law § 282-e). The substance of that statute has been continued and is now codified in Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388, which provides, in relevant part:

"Every owner of a vehicle used or operated in this state shall be liable and responsible for death or injuries to person or property resulting from negligence in the use or operation of such vehicle, in the business of such owner or otherwise, by any person using or operating the same with the permission, express or implied, of such owner."

The statute "expresses the policy that one injured by the negligent operation of a motor vehicle should have recourse to a financially responsible defendant" (Continental Auto Lease Corp. v Campbell, 19 NY2d 350, 352 [1967]; see Tikhonova v Ford Motor Co., 4 NY3d 621, 624 [2005]; Morris v Snappy Car Rental, 84 NY2d at 27).

New York, Maine, and Rhode Island are now the only states that have statutes purporting to impose vicarious liability for an unlimited amount of damages on car owners, including lessors (see Martin, Commerce Clause Jurisprudence and the Graves Amendment: Implications for the Vicarious Liability of Car Leasing Companies, 18 U Fla J L & Pub Pol'y 153, 157-162 [2007]).

On August 10, 2005, President George W. Bush signed into law the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), a comprehensive transportation bill which included the Graves Amendment, now codified at 49 USC § 30106. The section, entitled "Rented or leased motor vehicle safety and responsibility," states, in relevant part:

"(a) In general.—An owner of a motor vehicle that rents or leases the vehicle to a person (or an affiliate of the owner) shall not be liable under the law of any State or political subdivision thereof, by reason of being the owner of the vehicle (or an affiliate of the owner), for harm to persons or property that results or arises out of the use, operation, or possession of the vehicle during the period of the rental or lease, if—

"(1) the owner (or an affiliate of the owner) is engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles; and

"(2) there is no negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the owner (or an affiliate of the owner)."

The section applies to all actions commenced on or after August 10, 2005 (see 49 USC § 30106 [c]), and has been enforced as preempting the vicarious liability imposed on commercial lessors by Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388 (see Hernandez v Sanchez, 40 AD3d 446, 447 [2007]; Kuryla v Halabi, 39 AD3d 485, 486 [2007]; Jones v Bill, 34 AD3d 741, 742 [2006]; Murphy v Pontillo, 12 Misc 3d 1146, 1147 [2006]). Challenges based on the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution have been frequently rejected (see Merchants Ins. Group v Mitsubishi Motor Credit Assn., 525 F Supp 2d 309 [2007]; Dupuis v Vanguard Car Rental USA, Inc., 510 F Supp 2d 980 [2007]; Seymour v Penske Truck Leasing Co., 2007 WL 2212609, 2007 US Dist LEXIS 54843 [SD Ga 2007]; Garcia v Vanguard Car Rental USA, Inc., 510 F Supp 2d 821 [2007]; Iljazi v Dugre, 2007 WL 1247246, 2007 Conn Super LEXIS 984 [2007]). We agree with the weight of precedent that the Graves Amendment was a constitutional exercise of congressional power pursuant to the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.

The federal government is one of enumerated powers, and those powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states (see US Const 10th Amend). Article I (§ 8) of the United States Constitution grants Congress broad power to enact legislation in several enumerated areas of national concern. Those laws enacted pursuant to a delegated power preempt conflicting state laws via the Supremacy Clause (US Const, art VI, cl 2).

The Commerce Clause delegates to Congress the authority "[t]o regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes" (US Const, art I, § 8 [3]). In United States v Lopez (514 US 549 [1995]), the United States Supreme Court identified three categories of activity subject to congressional regulation under the Commerce Clause. First, Congress may regulate "the use of the channels of interstate commerce" (id. at 558). Second, it may regulate "the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, or persons or things in interstate commerce" (id.). Finally, Congress may regulate "those activities that substantially affect interstate commerce" (id. at 559).

In Pierce County v Guillen (537 US 129 [2003]), the United States Supreme Court addressed the first two of these categories— the channels and instrumentalities of, and persons or things in, commerce. In that case, the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute which protected information gathered in connection with certain federal highway safety programs from discovery in state actions. States had been reluctant to compile federally-required information pertaining to highway safety believing that such information might increase their liability in state actions by injured persons. To assuage that concern, Congress provided that information collected pursuant to the program would be protected from disclosure in state suits. Despite the challengers' argument that the statute infringed on the states' authority to establish discovery and admissibility rules in state actions, the United States Supreme Court upheld the statute. It reasoned that the statute could be viewed as legislation aimed at improving safety in the channels of commerce and increasing protection for the instrumentalities of commerce, since it could induce the states to be more diligent in collecting the relevant information (see Pierce County v Guillen, 537 US 129, 147 [2003]).

Pierce is instructive in that the statute at issue there could have been seen as regulating state discovery rules, an area of state concern. However, the Supreme Court indicated that this was too narrow a description of the activity being regulated. Since the challenged statute aided in, and was related to, the implementation of a federal regulatory program concerning safe highways, it was a constitutional exercise of Congress' power to legislate under the Commerce Clause.

Likewise, here, the plaintiff argues that the Graves Amendment regulates "state-imposed liability for harm"—which is not in itself an instrumentality of, or thing or person in commerce. However, the statute aids in the regulation of the national market for leased and rented automobiles. Motor vehicles are "the quintessential instrumentalities of modern interstate commerce" (United States v Bishop, 66 F3d 569, 588 [1995]; see United States v Ballinger, 395 F3d 1218, 1226 [2005]; United States v Cobb, 144 F3d 319, 322 [1...

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