Adams v. Star Enterprise

• Decision Date: 06 April 1995
• Docket Number: No. 94-1692,94-1692
• Citation: 51 F.3d 417
• Parties: , 63 USLW 2651, 25 Envtl. L. Rep. 21,122 Nolan J. ADAMS; John G. Aiken, 4th; Adele C. Aiken; Craig Alderman, Jr.; Ronnie Alderman; Michael J. Alexander; Margaret Alexander; Peter W. Almquist; Karen G. Almquist; Joseph J. Angelo; Donald S. Arnstein; Elaine P. Arnstein; Robert A. Aserkoff; Francine R. Aserkoff; Richard Albert Atwell; Mary E. Delaney; Alexander J. Balent; Audrey Louise Balent; Michael J. Balgley; Peggy Balgley; George A. Barten; Ortha E. Barten; Rose Marie Baumgarten; James A. Bever; Barbara Bever; Frances H. Bicking; George M. Bicking; Irene F. Bilger; Howard R. Bloch; Doris Bloch; Peter Bockman; Barbara S. Bockman; Stephen W. Bolding; Sherry M. Bolding; Sally Boucher; Philippe E. Boucher; Terry D. Bradley; Jacqueline J. Bradley; John P. Brady; Patricia S. Brady; William J. Brandel, Jr.; Dorothy M. Brandel; James W. Breglio; Clare F. Breglio; William R. Brenner; Joann Brenner; Patricia A. Brock; Richard S. Bromberg; Francine W. Bromberg; Francis Gregory Brooks; Carla O. Brooks; Sanford Brotman; Ellen Brotman; Richard L. Browett; Bobby L. Brown; Ora J. Brown; Douglas A. Brown; Anne R. Brown; Lloyd K. Brown; Sherry L. Brown; Otis F. Bryan, Jr.; William C. Bryson; Phyllis W. Bryson; Howard L. Bubel; Renate Bubel; John M. Buckley, Jr.; Joan L. Buckley; Donald Richard Cake; Hollie Cake; James W. Caldwell; Loretta M. Caldwell; William Campbell, Jr.; Jane W. Campbell; Richard S. Cantwell; Agnes S. Cantwell; Charles W. Cardiff; Dee A. Cardiff; Justin Eugene Carlock; Thelma H. Carlock; Walter Carlson, Jr.; Sigrid K. Carlson; Jay B. Carter; Mary L. Carter; Robert James Chalfont; Judy K. Chalfont; N. Bruce Chase; Anne S. Chase; Geraldine E. Christensen; James G. Cochran; Caroline B. Cochran; Jean R. Cockrell; Robert L. Cockrell; Robert Colby; Kimberlee W. Colby; Rosine A. Colford; David H. Cook; Loy A. Cook; Anne E. Cowan; Ann L. Cricchi; Vic Cricchi; Robert J. Cristina; Mary L. Cristina; Steven W. Crutchfield; Margaret S. Crutchfield; Kenneth George Davis, Jr.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

Page 417

51 F.3d 417

40 ERC 1513, 63 USLW 2651, 25 Envtl.

L. Rep. 21,122

Nolan J. ADAMS; John G. Aiken, 4th; Adele C. Aiken; Craig Alderman, Jr.; Ronnie Alderman; Michael J. Alexander Margaret Alexander; Peter W. Almquist; Karen G. Almquist Joseph J. Angelo; Donald S. Arnstein; Elaine P. Arnstein Robert A. Aserkoff; Francine R. Aserkoff; Richard Albert Atwell; Mary E. Delaney; Alexander J. Balent; Audrey Louise Balent; Michael J. Balgley; Peggy Balgley; George A. Barten; Ortha E. Barten; Rose Marie Baumgarten; James A. Bever; Barbara Bever; Frances H. Bicking; George M Bicking; Irene F. Bilger; Howard R. Bloch; Doris Bloch; Peter Bockman; Barbara S. Bockman; Stephen W. Bolding; Sherry M. Bolding; Sally Boucher; Philippe E. Boucher; Terry D. Bradley; Jacqueline J. Bradley; John P. Brady; Patricia S. Brady; William J. Brandel, Jr.; Dorothy M. Brandel; James W. Breglio; Clare F. Breglio; William R. Brenner; Joann Brenner; Patricia A. Brock; Richard S. Bromberg; Francine W. Bromberg; Francis Gregory Brooks; Carla O. Brooks; Sanford Brotman; Ellen Brotman; Richard L. Browett; Bobby L. Brown; Ora J. Brown; Douglas A. Brown; Anne R. Brown; Lloyd K. Brown; Sherry L. Brown; Otis F. Bryan, Jr.; William C. Bryson; Phyllis W. Bryson; Howard L. Bubel; Renate Bubel; John M. Buckley, Jr.; Joan L. Buckley; Donald Richard Cake; Hollie Cake; James W. Caldwell; Loretta M. Caldwell; William Campbell, Jr.; Jane W. Campbell; Richard S. Cantwell; Agnes S. Cantwell; Charles W. Cardiff; Dee A. Cardiff; Justin Eugene Carlock; Thelma H. Carlock; Walter Carlson, Jr.; Sigrid K. Carlson; Jay B. Carter; Mary L. Carter; Robert James Chalfont; Judy K. Chalfont; N. Bruce Chase; Anne S. Chase; Geraldine E. Christensen; James G. Cochran; Caroline B. Cochran; Jean R. Cockrell; Robert L. Cockrell; Robert Colby; Kimberlee W. Colby; Rosine A. Colford; David H. Cook; Loy A. Cook; Anne E. Cowan; Ann L. Cricchi; Vic Cricchi; Robert J. Cristina; Mary L. Cristina; Steven W. Crutchfield; Margaret S. Crutchfield; Kenneth George Davis, Jr.; Martha R. Davis; Timothy T. De Gavre; Donald R. DeGrange; Barbara J. DeGrange; Stephen A. Dehanas; Sinikka H. Dehanas; John P. Deleonardis; Grace M. Deleonardis; Christopher J. Deering; Pricilla Deering; J.P. Dempsey; Mary Ellen Dempsey; Jatin D. Desai; Andrew Diantonio; Mary B. Diantonio; Roger A. Diedrich; Mary E. Diedrich; Wayne N. Dixon; Veronica A. Dixon; Virginia Q. Donelson; Margaret McElroy Dorsey; David Downes; L. Willa Downes; Rudolph Harold Ehrenberg; Sandra K. Ehrenberg; William E. Elder; Patricia A. Elder; Ernest Ellis; Gerry Ellis; Paul E. Ellison; Patricia D. Ellison; Mark H. Emery; Janice J. Emery; Paul M. Eskildsen; Alison W. Eskildsen; Margaret H. Essertier; Nelson Estrada; Olivia C. Estrada; Laurence E. Fann; Victor Armando Farfan; W. Diane Farfan; Douglas C. Faull; Cheryl A. Faull; Robert A. Feitel; Robert H. Ferguson; Eleanor J. Ferguson; George R. Fister; Judith C. Fister; Peter K. Fitzwilliam; Sondra K. Fitzwilliam; Suzanne M. Fogleman; Rafael F. Font; Maria T. Font; James S. Forcino; Joan B. Forcino; Gary J. Fortunato; Faye D. Fortunato; Thomas R. Freeman; Ferris French; Doris G. French; Salvatore F. Gallo; Joanne B. Gallo; James R. Gear; Kathleen P. Gear; Keith B. Geiger; Janet K. Geiger; James C. Gibbs; D.M. Gidders; Evangelia A. Gidders; Robert James Gillanders; Emilie A. Gillanders; Dava R. Giuli; John M. Giuli; Lew Goldberg; Laura Goldberg; Arthur M. Golden; Charlotte Golden; Robert M. Goldsmith; Nancy D. Goldsmith; Allen D. Goodman; Lorelei L. Goodman; Betty J. Greene; Charles H. Griffiths; Barbara B. Griffiths; Remer W. Griner; Shirley A. Griner; Harold J. Gross; Andrea J. Gross; Edwin B. Gross; Mary Ellen Gross; Joseph Francis Gustaferro; Frances Christine Gustaferro; Robert W. Hall; James L. Hamernick; Margaret A. Banke; Gregory L. Hansen; Linda J. Hansen; Elizabeth M. Harris; Robert A. Harrison; Joyce E. Harrison; Richard L. Hart; Jayne L. Hart; John P. Hartigan; Betty Hartigan; Douglas J. Harwood; Joycene Cole Harwood; Richard L. Hatheway; Kay E. Hathaway; William J. Haugh; Edward M. Haugh; Mary Ellen Haugh; Mark S. Havard; Lisa A. Havard; Samuel James Heath; James B. Hendershot; Patricia W. Hendershot; Beverly Jean Henschel; Shujaat A. Khan; David L. Herrington; Beverly B. Herrington; John C. Hile; Therese F. Hile; Katsuko K. Hodge; Peter H. Hodge; Paul W. Hoffmaster; William D. Hogan; Herbert A. Hope, Jr.; William G. Howard; Hallie B. Howard; Arthur D. Hurtado; Diane Hurtado; Thomas J. Ingram, III; Donald E. Inscoe; Susan M. Inscoe; Martin M. Ischinger; Carol N. Ischinger; Joseph A. Iwanski; Barbara A. Iwanski; Willis E. Jacobsen; Jadwiga Janucik; Dennis C. Meyer; Henry D. Jawish; Harry W. Johnson; Janice E. Johnson; Walter H. Johnson; Margaret W. Johnson; Lucy M. Joshua; Paul M. Kaufman; Masako Kaufman; Karl T. Keller; Javed A. Khokhar; William F. Kirten; Nancy J. Kirten; George Frederick Knight; Patricia F. Knight; Dean P. Kohlhaas; Jeanne A. Kohlhaas; John L. Krug; William B. Kuykendall, Jr.; Edward R. Lang; Martha C. Lang; Mark M. Langerman; Erika H. Langerman; Helene Z. Layman; Harrison Lee; Maryrose Jane Lehman; Stanley S. Leroy; Caroline F. Leroy; Robert E. Levin; Karen J. Levin; Franklin D. Lewark; Wanda C. Lewark; Rene F. Llaneras; Patricia C. Long; Robert R. Lovelace; Barbara B. Lovelace; Michael Anthony Lynch; Maureen R. Lynch; Vance A. Mall; Mary H. Mall; William R. Maloney; Benedict P. Mandich; Carmen J. Mandich; Gary D. Mann; Robbie E. Mann; Arthur Roy Marshall, Jr.; Susan H. Marshall; William R. Martin; Mary A. Martin; Thomas B. Mattson; Maria A. Mattson; Abdullah Mawyah; Kenneth S. McAtee; Harry W. McClellan; Jane B. McClellan; James M. McComsey; Gordon H. McCormick; David W. McCoy; Suzanne McCoy; Ruby M. McGlothin; Alexander J. McKillop; Doreen McKillop; Mark McNair; Elizabeth S. McNair; Archie McPherson; Merle G. McPherson; John Lippincott Meagher; John N. Meloy; Irene E. Meloy; George A. Mickalitis; Caroline Mickalitis; Joe H. Miller, Jr.; Grace Miller; John B. Montgomery; Edgar J. Mullins; Ellie Mullins; Eudine C. Myers; Thomas J. Myers; Patricia Myers; Steve C. Nagy; Kathryn J. Nagy; Nancy H. Newberry; Robert Newberry; Fred J. Newton; Florence J. Newton; Robert Charges Newton; Leilani L. Newton; Peter P. Noe; Susan N. Noe; Carl W. Northrop; Michaelanne P. Northrop; David R. Notes; John M. Oseth; Marilyn Oseth; Jacob J. Para; Dolores A. Para; James Hodges Parker; Louise L. Parker; James V. Parker; Hal C. Pattison; Cleda W. Pattison; David Paxton; Kathleen Paxton; Howard Andrew Peterson; Albert J. Plummer; Mary Jane Plummer; Michael A. Plunkett; Clifford H. Pruefer; Mary Carolyn Pruefer; Richard L. Purcell; Robin S. Purcell; Earle W. Putnam; Margaret R. Putnam; Michael J. Quattrone; Kathy Quattrone; Rose M. Rabin; William O. Rakow; Linda A. Rakow; John B. Rampton; Jo Ann Rampton; Stephen C. Randolph; Barbara S. Randolph; David Alan Rawson; Patricia Rawson; Charles W. Reamer; Mary S. Reamer; Keith W. Reiss; Karen N. Reiss; Randall R. Renken; Catherine B. Renken; Godfrey A. Rettig; Paula R. Rettig; Marilyn E. Rice; Michael E. Richardson; Jeannie N. Richardson; John H. Riskind; Laura Riskind; William L. Rohde; Nancy E. Rohde; Robert J. Rohrback; Sharon L. Rohrback; Steven F. Romig; Monica T. Romig; Ralph Edwin Ropp; Frances H. Ropp; Jean Rosenfeld; Jeffrey Rosenfeld; Thomas G. Roulette; Airi P. Roulette; R.F. Rozycki; Thomas Rozzell; Maryanne Rozzell; Richard E. Runyon; John L. Ryan; Oscar Ferdinand Rydell; Richard T. Santelia; Carol P. Santelia; William P. Sargent; Jane A. Sargent; Henry E. Schlenker; Gayle W. Schlenker; Jerry E. Schultz; Sharon M. Shultz; John A. Scopino; Mary E. Scopino; Cynthia Seeley; Stephen M. Sergek; Mary K. Sergek; Maida Ludvik Sheris; Virginia S. Shreve; Laura Lee Simpier; John E. Simpson, II; Barbara W. Simpson; David Sims; Lily A. Sims; H. John Smith; Ronald E. Sorna; Grace S. Spitz; Doris M. Spinivasan; John J. St. John; Theodore C. Starr; Pamela G. Starr; Henry J. Staudinger; Karen V. Staudinger; George E. Stebbing; Mary R. Stebbing; Alice B. Steinbeck; James P. Stratoudakis; Gene Suidikas; Barbara K. Suidikas; Edward L. Sullivan; Anne N.N. Sullivan; Michael S. Swift; Bernace M. Symm; Ireene Symm; James A. Taylor; Vernett M. Taylor; Kathryn E. Thiel; Brenda Thomas; Charles A. Thomas; Alan R. Thompson; Nancy J. Thompson; Allen R. Thuring; Evelyn C. Titus; Audrey Topping; Mickey L. Topping; John A. Torre; Marie F. Torre; Vinh P. Tran; Peter D. Trapp; Debbie J. Trapp; Paul E. Troutman; Patricia R. Troutman; James K. Tyson, Jr.; Sandra C. Tyson; Stanley M. Urynowicz, Jr.; Janet T. Urynowicz; Mario Verga; Marianne E. Verga; Maureen E. Walsh; Edward A. Waters; Ralph William Weinstein; Debby Weinstein; Donna J. Wendling; Wells B. White; Clara L. White; William S. Whitehead; Linda S. Whitehead; Barry R. Wickersham; Martha F. Wiegers; Lester A. Wiegers; Arthur G. Williams; Louise C. Williams; Tyler E. Williams, Jr.; Carmen M. Williams; Thomas A. Witecki; Jerilyn S. Woelfel; John C. Woelfel; Terje Wolden; Kari Wolden; Judith A. Wonus; Jack Richard Woodside; Carol Woodside; Alvaro A. Yamhure; Sandra M. Yamhure; Nora S. Zadd; Charles J. Zadd; Joseph J. Zapolski; Celene J. Zapolski; Ann J. Zeaman; Burton C. Zwibel, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. STAR ENTERPRISE; Texaco, Inc.; Texaco Refining and Marketing (East), Incorporated; Saudi Refining, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 94-1692.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued Dec. 6, 1994.

Decided April 6, 1995.

ARGUED: David Machanic, Reed, Smith, Shaw & McClay, McLean, VA, for appellants. Richard Edward Wallace, Jr., Howrey & Simon, Washington, DC, for appellees. ON BRIEF: Christopher L. Killion, Eric A. Welter, Reed, Smith, Shaw & McClay, McLean, VA, for appellants. Anthony F. King, Nancy C. Libin, Howrey & Simon, Washington, DC, John A.C. Keith, Blankingship & Keith, Fairfax, VA, for appellees.

Before WILKINSON, Circuit Judge, PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge, and LAY, Senior...