Begins v. Philbrook

• Citation: 513 F.2d 19
• Decision Date: 25 March 1975
• Docket Number: No. 482,D,482
• Parties: Robert BEGINS and Patricia Begins, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Paul PHILBROOK, Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Social Welfare, Defendant-Appellee. ocket 74-2140.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (2nd Circuit)

Page 19

513 F.2d 19

Robert BEGINS and Patricia Begins, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Paul PHILBROOK, Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Social Welfare, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 482, Docket 74-2140.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued Feb. 14, 1975.

Decided March 25, 1975.

Zander B. Rubin, St. Johnsbury, Vt. (Vermont Legal Aid, Inc., on the brief), for plaintiffs-appellants.

Dean B. Pineles, Asst. Atty. Gen., Montpelier, Vt., for defendant-appellee.

Before HAYS and FEINBERG, Circuit Judges, and HOLDEN, District Judge. ^*

FEINBERG, Circuit Judge:

Robert and Patricia Begins appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Albert W. Coffrin, J., dismissing as moot their complaint against Paul Philbrook, Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Social Welfare. Plaintiffs attack a Vermont regulation that makes ineligible for welfare benefits any family owning two operable motor vehicles, without regard to the value of the automobiles. The suit was brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 2202, and jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C. §§ 1343(3), (4). Plaintiffs allege that the "two-car" Regulation violates their federal constitutional rights and the federal laws and regulations governing the Vermont Aid to Needy Families with Children (AFNC) program. ¹ Because we believe that the district court erred in dismissing the complaint, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

I

For the purposes of this appeal, we must take as true factual allegations made in the district court. According to the papers before us, Robert and Patricia Begins live in South Burlington, Vermont, with their five children, ranging in age from four to twelve. Robert Begins is a construction worker whose employment is seasonal. He uses a car to commute to and from work in all parts of northern Vermont. Patricia Begins normally uses a car for ordinary domestic chores and for transporting her large family. Plaintiffs' youngest child has serious coronary and respiratory problems and often needs immediate medical attention, making it necessary to have an automobile available.

In late November 1973, plaintiffs applied for assistance from the Vermont Department of Social Welfare in the category of AFNC-unemployed father. At that time, plaintiffs were denied aid because of the two-car Regulation, which is reproduced in the margin. ² Plaintiffs then owned two cars a 1966 Mercury purchased four years before for $695, and a 1962 Jeep bought five years earlier for $1,500. Both cars had seriously deteriorated and had little resale value. In late January, plaintiffs again applied for benefits and were granted assistance on condition that they make a bona fide effort to sell one of the cars. Under the two-car Regulation, "assistance may be granted provisionally, for a period not to exceed 60 days," but if the "sale is not completed within 60 days, assistance shall be terminated." See note 2 supra.

In February 1974, plaintiffs filed this action challenging the Regulation, along with an application for a temporary restraining order. This application was apparently not acted upon. The complaint originally sought the convening of a three-judge court and both injunctive and declaratory relief. According to an amended complaint filed in May 1974: While plaintiffs were still receiving "provisional" benefits, they were told by an employee of the Vermont Department of Social Welfare that if they did not transfer ownership of one of their cars their welfare payments would end immediately. Rather than risk this, plaintiffs sold their 1962 Jeep for $250, without speaking to counsel. However, plaintiffs still "need and want two cars" because Mr. Begins "needs a car to look for work, and in his work as a construction laborer, and Mrs. Begins needs a car for domestic affairs." ³ Apparently because of the sale of one car, plaintiffs dropped their request for injunctive relief and seek a declaratory judgment only.

In June 1974, defendant moved to dismiss the amended complaint on the ground that the action was moot because plaintiffs no longer owned two cars. Shortly thereafter, plaintiffs moved to amend their complaint again to include a claim for damages for denial of assistance in November 1973. ⁴ Defendant's motion to dismiss for mootness was heard in July, and granted a few days later in a one-page order which cited Golden v. Zwickler, 394 U.S. 103, 89 S.Ct. 956, 22 L.Ed.2d 113 (1969), and North Carolina v. Rice, 404 U.S. 244, 92 S.Ct. 402, 30 L.Ed.2d 413 (1971), as authority. This appeal followed.

II

By citing the two Supreme Court cases just referred to, the district judge obviously had in mind not just mootness but also the requisites for a declaratory judgment action, since Golden v. Zwickler is concerned primarily with the latter. The two concepts blend together here in a way that suggests the difficulty of analyzing them separately. Thus, even without a post-complaint change in position by plaintiffs here, that is, even if plaintiffs had never owned two cars, the question would still remain whether the complaint stated an "actual controversy" under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201. But the fact that plaintiffs did only recently own two cars adds substance to the allegation that they "need and want two cars." Keeping in mind, then, that more is involved here than whether plaintiffs' claims have been extinguished by events after they sued, we turn to the decisions relied upon by the district court and some of those referred to by the parties in their excellent briefs.

In North Carolina v. Rice, the issue was whether a more drastic sentence imposed upon Rice after a second trial violated federal due process under North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969). At the time the case came before the Supreme Court the later sentence had already been served. Although neither party urged that the case was moot, the Court raised the issue. Pointing out that "(n)ullification of a conviction may have important benefits for a defendant . . . , but urging in a habeas corpus proceeding the correction of a sentence already served is another matter," the Court remanded for reconsideration of mootness since the record was "unilluminating as to whether there may be benefits to respondent" under state law in having the sentence reduced after it had been served. 404 U.S. at 248, 92 S.Ct. at 405.

Golden v. Zwickler involved a challenge to a New York law prohibiting distribution of anonymous literature in an election campaign. Plaintiff Zwickler had been convicted in a state court of violating that statute in connection with a 1964 congressional campaign. The conviction was later reversed on state law grounds. Plaintiff then sued in the federal district court for declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging that he wanted to distribute handbills against the same Congressman in 1966. After intermediate proceedings not here relevant, ⁵ a three-judge court declared the statute unconstitutional. 290 F.Supp. 244 (E.D.N.Y.1968). The Supreme Court reversed because Zwickler had not established "the existence . . . of the elements governing the issuance of a declaratory judgment." 394 U.S. at 110, 89 S.Ct. at 960. Quoting from its decision in Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941), the Court emphasized that:

The difference between an abstract question and a "controversy" contemplated by the Declaratory Judgment Act is necessarily one of degree, and it would be difficult, if it would be possible, to fashion a precise test for determining in every case whether there is such a controversy. Basically, the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.

394 U.S. at 108, 89 S.Ct. at 959. The Court then pointed out that the particular Congressman whom Zwickler had attacked in his handbill had become a New York State Supreme Court justice and that "it was most unlikely" that he "would again be a candidate for Congress." 394 U.S. at 109, 89 S.Ct. at 960. This precluded a finding of a controversy of "sufficient immediacy and reality" to justify declaratory relief against the New York statute.

Neither North Carolina v. Rice nor Golden v. Zwickler justified dismissal of the complaint in this case. The former raised the question whether there were harmful "collateral consequences of an already completed course of action" ; ⁶ Rice had served his sentence and there was real doubt that a favorable judgment would have any practical benefit for him at all. In the latter case, the bite of the New York statute for Zwickler was no longer real and immediate since the only candidate against whom he wished to circulate handbills was not going to run for Congress. Cf. Spomer v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 514, 94 S.Ct. 685, 38 L.Ed.2d 694 (1974). Plaintiffs' position stands in sharp contrast. For practical purposes, defendant's course of action has not already ended; the Regulation still stands and defendant clearly intends to enforce it against plaintiffs should the occasion demand. If plaintiffs were not now on welfare, if they had never owned a second car, if they did not swear to a need for a second car, or if there were a believable possibility that they would not be threatened with loss of benefits if they again purchased a second car, the case might be different. But plaintiffs are now subject to the very prohibition which they seek to challenge, and their allegations suggest not some subjective fear, but rather assert both "present objective harm" and the "threat of specific future harm." Lecci v. Cahn, 493 F.2d 826, 829 (2d Cir. 1974). The continuing harm to plaintiffs is their loss of a second car they...