Aris v. Mukasey, Docket No. 07-1211-ag.

• Citation: 517 F.3d 595
• Decision Date: 20 February 2008
• Docket Number: Docket No. 07-1211-ag.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (2nd Circuit)
• Parties: Garfield Livern St. Valentine ARIS, Petitioner, v. Michael B. MUKASEY,<SMALL><SUP>1</SUP></SMALL> Respondent.

517 F.3d 595

Garfield Livern St. Valentine ARIS, Petitioner, v. Michael B. MUKASEY,¹ Respondent.

Docket No. 07-1211-ag.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued: December 21, 2007.

Decided: February 20, 2008.

Tanisha L. Massie (Lewis J. Liman, Evan Criddle, Daniel E. Zipp, Anton A. Ware, of counsel), Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, N.Y., for Petitioner.

Russell J.E. Verby, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Barry J. Pettinato, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration Litigation, of counsel), Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

Before KATZMANN, PARKER, and RAGGI, Circuit Judges.

KATZMANN, Circuit Judge:

With disturbing frequency, this Court encounters evidence of ineffective representation by attorneys retained by immigrants seeking legal status in this country. We have previously indicated that ineffective assistance of counsel can constitute an "exceptional circumstance" warranting the reopening of a deportation order entered in absentia. See Twum v. INS, 411 F.3d 54, 59 n. 4 (2d Cir.2005). We write today to establish what we would have thought self-evident: A lawyer who misadvises his client concerning the date of an immigration hearing and then fails to inform the client of the deportation order entered in absentia (or the ramifications thereof) has provided ineffective assistance. We further clarify that such misadvice may constitute ineffective assistance of counsel even where it is supplied by a paralegal providing scheduling information on behalf of a lawyer.

Petitioner Garfield Livern St. Valentine Aris, a native and citizen of Jamaica, seeks review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") denying his motion to rescind an order of deportation entered in absentia and reopen his deportation proceedings.² In re Garfield Livern St. Valentine Aris, No. A37 776 177 (BIA Feb. 26, 2007). The Immigration Judge ("IJ"), Sandy Hom, ordered Aris deported on May 3, 1995, following his failure to appear at the hearing scheduled for the previous day. In re Garfield Livern St. Valentine Aris, No. A37 776 177 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City May 3, 1995). For the reasons set forth below, we grant the petition, vacate the denial of petitioner's motion to reopen, and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND

In 1983, at the age of twelve, Aris entered the United States as a lawful immigrant. Aris's wife, daughter, stepdaughter, and mother all reside in the United States and are citizens of this country. Aris financially supports his wife and stepdaughter. He has no close family members in Jamaica.

On August 21, 1991, Aris was convicted after a guilty plea in the United States District Court, Western District of New York of unlawful possession of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). United States v. Aris, No. 91-00150-01 (MAT) (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 1991). The district court sentenced him to three years' probation and imposed a $1000 fine and a $25 special assessment.

Sixteen months later, the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS") issued an order to show cause charging that Aris was subject to deportation based on the 1991 cocaine conviction pursuant to what was then § 241(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"), 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(B)(i) (1992) (current version at INA § 237(a)(2)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i)). After he received the order to show cause, Aris hired David Scheinfeld of David Scheinfeld & Associates, PLLC to represent him in the immigration proceedings.

On April 15, 1994, accompanied by an associate from the firm, Aris attended a hearing before the IJ. Aris conceded deportability, and the IJ scheduled a hearing for May 2, 1995. In addition, the IJ granted Aris permission to apply for discretionary relief under former § 212(c) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994) (repealed by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ("IIRIRA"), Pub.L. No. 104-208, § 304(b), 110 Stat. 3009-597 (Sept. 30, 1996)), but required that Aris do so by the end of business that day.³ Counsel failed to file the application for § 212(c) relief, which in and of itself likely constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel in light of the equities of Aris's case.⁴ See Rabiu v. INS, 41 F.3d 879, 882-84 (2d Cir.1994).

There is no real disagreement about the key facts of this case. On May 2, 1995, having heard nothing from his lawyer, Aris phoned the law firm to check the status of the hearing. Aris spoke to a paralegal at the office who told him something to the effect that the firm calendar did not indicate any hearing scheduled for that day and that no attorneys were available to speak with him. Aris states that he relied on this information and did not appear at the May 2, 1995 hearing.

Evidently, the paralegal subsequently telephoned the immigration court, learned there was in fact a hearing scheduled, and tried to obtain an adjournment. But by the time she reached the court, the determination had been made to deport Aris. No one from the law firm ever contacted Aris to inform him that the paralegal had been mistaken concerning the hearing date or that he had been ordered deported in absentia.

Aris did receive a letter, dated September 25, 1995, informing him that the INS had made arrangements for his deportation. Aris took the letter to a lawyer at the firm, who assured Aris that he would take care of everything.

That lawyer then filed a motion to reopen the deportation proceedings on November 7, 1995. In an affidavit, the lawyer stated that the date of Aris's hearing was not noted on the firm calendar and that the associate who initially represented Aris had subsequently left the firm. This calendar error explained the failure of counsel to appear at the May 2, 1995 hearing. Nowhere in the affidavit or other motion papers, however, did counsel convey that Aris had relied on the erroneous information relayed to him by the paralegal. The IJ promptly denied the motion. Counsel filed an appeal of the IJ's denial of the motion to reopen, which suffered from the same defect, and the BIA dismissed the appeal.

Aris's lawyers persisted in their failure to inform him of the status of the case. For nearly a decade, Aris lived under the mistaken belief that the law firm had resolved his immigration problems. This is apparent from the fact that, in 2004, Aris took initial steps toward applying for United States citizenship.

It was only on June 1, 2005, upon his arrest on the outstanding 1995 deportation order, that Aris learned that the deportation proceedings had not been resolved in his favor and that he had been living in violation of a deportation order. Almost immediately, Aris obtained new counsel who proceeded to file a number of factually erroneous and legally flawed submissions on his behalf. None of these submissions discussed prior counsel's role in Aris's failure to appear at the May 2, 1995 deportation proceeding, and none achieved the desired result. All in all, Aris was detained for nine months. Without Aris's income from the two jobs he had worked, his wife and stepdaughter were unable to pay rent. They were evicted from the family apartment and left with no choice but to move to a homeless shelter.

At year's end, Aris's family, concerned about his representation, sought the assistance of attorneys at Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, who agreed to represent him pro bono. New counsel promptly investigated the various errors committed by Aris's prior counsel and filed disciplinary complaints against them with the New York and New Jersey bars. New counsel also collected the necessary documents and moved before the BIA to reopen Aris's deportation proceedings, rescind the order entered in absentia, and remand the case to the immigration court.⁵

Aris's motion alleged ineffective assistance of prior counsel. It finally explained for the first time that Aris failed to appear at the May 2, 1995 hearing because a paralegal at his first lawyer's office wrongly informed him that there was no hearing scheduled for that day.

In a decision dated February 26, 2007, the BIA denied Aris's motion, claiming that it had "already addressed the circumstances of his failure to appear" in a prior ruling.⁶ The decision gave no indication that the BIA considered the new information that Aris neglected to appear at the May 2, 1995 hearing in reliance on erroneous advice from a paralegal at the firm representing him. Aris now petitions for review of that decision.

DISCUSSION

We review the BIA's denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. See Twum, 411 F.3d at 58. An abuse of discretion may be found where the BIA's decision "provides no rational explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or contains only summary or conclusory statements; that is to say, where the Board has acted in an arbitrary or capricious manner." Ke Zhen Zhao v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 265 F.3d 83, 93 (2d Cir.2001) (internal citations omitted).

Under the version of the INA applicable to this case, an alien ordered deported in absentia may reopen the case by filing a motion within 180 days after the order of deportation "if the alien demonstrates that the failure to appear was because of exceptional circumstances." INA § 242B(c)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(c)(3)(A) (1994) (current version at INA § 240(b)(5)(C), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)). That provision defines exceptional circumstances as "circumstances (such as serious illness of the alien or death of an immediate relative of the alien, but not including less compelling circumstances) beyond the control of the alien." INA § 242B(f)(2), 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(f)(2) (1994) (amended and renumbered as INA § 240(e)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(e)(1)). We now join our sister circuits in concluding that, under BIA precedent...