Mazzetti v. U.S., 74-1610
| Decision Date | 23 June 1975 |
| Docket Number | No. 74-1610,74-1610 |
| Citation | 518 F.2d 781 |
| Parties | In the Matter of Criminal Contempt Proceedings against Michael Mazzetti. Michael MAZZETTI, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit |
Morris W. Sandstead, Jr., Boulder, Colo., for appellant.
Robert J. Roth, U. S. Atty., and Monti L. Belot, Asst. U. S. Atty., Kansas City, Kan., for appellee.
Before LEWIS, Chief Judge and HOLLOWAY and BARRETT, Circuit Judges.
Michael Mazzetti, a newspaper reporter-photographer, was sentenced to fifteen days' imprisonment by the United States District Court for the District of Kansas following a judgment of contempt under 18 U.S.C. § 401(3). After a full evidentiary hearing on an order to show cause and response to an information filed, the court determined that Mazzetti had in fact wilfully violated Local Rule 18 of the court 1 by persistently taking photographs of federal prisoners and other photographs in prohibited areas of the federal courthouse premises at Leavenworth, Kansas. No appellate dispute is presented concerning the court's findings of fact, and Mazzetti's appeal is limited to his contention that Rule 18 constitutes an improper restraint upon his first amendment rights of free speech and free press, that the subject rule is constitutionally overbroad, and that as a result his conviction cannot stand. We disagree and affirm the judgment of the district court, holding that Rule 18 is constitutionally permissible and properly applicable to Mazzetti's conduct.
The United States Post Office and Courthouse Building at Leavenworth has but two stories, housing the post office on the first floor and the court facilities on the second. These court facilities consist of the courtroom, jury room, judges' chambers, marshal's office and a holding cell. A stairway from the second floor leads to a side door which opens to the federal parking lot.
On the day of Mazzetti's offense, omnibus hearings for federal prisoners were being conducted before a United States magistrate. At the conclusion of the hearings, four federal prisoners were escorted by United States marshals down the stairway to a prison bus that was parked on the north side of the building approximately ten feet from the side door. During this occurrence Mazzetti left the public sidewalk and crossed the parking lot to a distance of about ten feet from the bus. He took a number of pictures of the bus and the prisoners. One of the marshals informed Mazzetti of Rule 18 and of its prohibition against taking pictures in and from the parking lot area. Mazzetti protested, asserting a right as a member of the press, but was nevertheless escorted by the marshals back to the public sidewalk. Mazzetti persisted, re-entered the parking lot and followed the marshals back toward the bus, taking pictures as he went. He was then arrested and placed in the second floor holding cell where he again took pictures. He later relinquished his camera to his attorney who surrendered it to the marshals.
The evidence showed and the court found that the prisoners were orderly when they were put aboard the bus. As the recited incident occurred, they became noisy and hostile, yelling obscenities and climaxing the event by throwing parts of their clothing through the windows as the bus departed. Some such incident was not totally unanticipated as it was known that the hearings would receive broad press coverage. The court found that immediately prior to the start of the hearings the Chief Deputy Marshal had informed a group of newsmen that the court's order prohibited the taking of photographs in the court's environs but not from the street or sidewalk. Mazzetti was in that group of newsmen.
Rule 18 is overbroad, so says Mazzetti, because through its description of "environs," which includes not only the courtroom environs but also courthouse environs such as the parking lot, it effectively prohibits activity that poses no threat to the orderly conduct of judicial proceedings. We summarily reject this contention as the rule has been applied to Mazzetti and his conduct. The very facts of this case indicate that the threat to the judicial process portended by Mazzetti's activity was sufficiently immediate to justify...
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