In re Walsh, Civ.A. 98-11638-WGY.

Decision Date11 June 1999
Docket NumberNo. Civ.A. 98-11638-WGY.,Civ.A. 98-11638-WGY.
Citation53 F.Supp.2d 91
PartiesIn re the Application of John WALSH.
CourtU.S. District Court — District of Massachusetts

E. Chouteau Merrill, Brown, Rudnick, Freed & Gesmer, Boston, MA, for John Walsh, plaintiff.

Thomas J. Barbar, Anne Marie Corraro, Cambridge, MA, Robert G. Najarian, Jr., Law Offices of Donald H. Jackson, Jr., Hanover, MA, for Jaqueline Walsh, defendant.

Bernard J. Bonn, III, Dechert, Price & Rhoads, Boston, MA, for Martha R. Miller, interested party.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

YOUNG, Chief Judge.

A. Introduction

On December 18, 1998, this Court entered a Judgment and Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (collectively, "the Order") granting the petition of John Walsh under the International Abduction Remedies Act (the "Act"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601-11610 (1998), thereby requiring the return of his two young children, Eoghain and Mary Kate Walsh, to Ireland, their country of habitual residence. See In re the Application of John Walsh, 31 F.Supp.2d 200 (D.Mass.1998). In significant measure, this Order vindicates the dignity of the courts of Ireland. See id. at 207. While preparations were being made for the children's return, the children's mother, Jacqueline Walsh ("Jacqueline"), and their aunt, Martha Miller, filed a Motion to Dismiss or Vacate the Order on the basis of the "fugitive disentitlement" doctrine.

Under certain circumstances, the doctrine of fugitive disentitlement permits a court to dismiss proceedings brought before it by an individual who has challenged a court's dignity by fleeing its jurisdiction. This doctrine is potentially relevant to this action because the petitioner, John Walsh, fled the United States after he became the subject of a default warrant for assault with intent to murder in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While the Findings of Fact underlying this Court's Order have been determined and will not be reconsidered or disturbed, this Court stayed its Order for thirty days to consider the applicability of the fugitive disentitlement doctrine to the established record even though this legal challenge to the petition was not raised at trial.

B. Background

The facts of this case are described in great detail in the Order and will only briefly be recounted here. In 1993, John Walsh was arrested by the police in Malden, Massachusetts for assault with intent to murder a neighbor who he believed "had dealt the drugs that caused the death of another Malden youth from an overdose." Id. at 202. After his arraignment in 1994, but prior to trial, John fled to his homeland of Ireland. See id. Jacqueline, John's American wife, was "[p]regnant with their second child [and] followed" with their daughter Mary Kate. Id. A default warrant for the arrest of John Walsh issued thereafter in Massachusetts. See id.

After a few years of drinking, violence, and legal skirmishing, Jacqueline violated an Irish court order by absconding with the two children to Massachusetts. See id. Taking a sudden interest in his family, John Walsh filed a petition under the Act seeking the return of the children to Ireland. See id. As described above, this Court granted the petition but required John Walsh to make certain preparations before the children were to be returned. See id. Just as those preparations neared completion, Jacqueline and the children's aunt, as an intervenor, brought the instant Motion to Dismiss or Vacate.

John Walsh has conducted all of the described litigation from his distant home in Tramore, Ireland and has yet to make a personal appearance. This Court recently asked the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts whether he intended to "seek extradition of John Walsh under the Treaty of Extradition Between the United States of America and Ireland, T.I.A.S. No. 10813." See Letter from Young, C.J., to Massachusetts Attorney General Thomas Riley of January 21, 1999, at 1. To date, the Attorney General has not initiated any extradition proceedings.

C. Fugitive Disentitlement

The equitable doctrine of fugitive disentitlement "limits access to courts by a fugitive who has fled a criminal conviction in a court in the United States." Magluta v. Samples, 162 F.3d 662, 664 (11th Cir. 1998). In essence, this doctrine, were it to be applied in this case, seeks to vindicate the dignity of the orders of the Malden District Court. Under the doctrine, courts can "sanction parties where their fugitive status has some connection to the proceeding." Pharaon v. Board of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys., 135 F.3d 148, 151 (D.C.Cir.1998), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 119 S.Ct. 371, 142 L.Ed.2d 307 (1998) (emphasis added) (internal quotations omitted). The Supreme Court has emphasized the importance of this "nexus" requirement. See Ortega-Rodriguez v. United States, 507 U.S. 234, 246, 113 S.Ct. 1199, 122 L.Ed.2d 581 (1993) (refusing to expand fugitive disentitlement doctrine and dismiss proceedings for "any conduct that exhibited disrespect for any aspect of the judicial system" because "[s]uch a rule would sweep far too broadly....").

Recently, under circumstances similar to the present case, the Sixth Circuit invoked the doctrine of fugitive disentitlement to dismiss a petition under the Act. See Prevot v. Prevot, 59 F.3d 556, 566-67 (6th Cir.1995). Even though fugitive disentitlement is not contemplated by the Act, the Prevot court held "nothing in the Convention or the Act [] purports to strip an American court of the powers inherent to it as a court." Id. at 566. Since the respondents essentially rest their entire argument on Prevot, a careful comparison of the factual underpinnings of Prevot to the record in this case is required. Such comparison, coupled with recent Supreme Court teachings and the absence of any active extradition proceedings against John Walsh, counsel this Court to deny the Motion to Dismiss or Vacate.

D. Prevot v. Prevot

In Prevot, Jean-Claude Prevot brought a petition under the Act to obtain the return of his two children to France after his wife, Debra, had removed them to the United States. See id. at 558. Several years earlier, Jean-Claude had fled the United States with Debra and the children to avoid court ordered restitution payments that were part of a plea arrangement entered in a theft charge against him in a Texas state court. See id. at 558-559. By fleeing the United States, Jean-Claude violated his probation and would have faced a ten-year prison term were he to return to the United States. See id. at 559. Despite Mr. Prevot's fugitive status, the District Court granted the petition and ordered the children returned to France. See Prevot v. Prevot, 855 F.Supp. 915, 922 (W.D.Tenn.1994). On appeal, the Sixth Circuit reversed and remanded with instructions to dismiss. See Prevot, 59 F.3d at 567.

After exhaustively discussing the history of and various rationales for the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, and recognizing that its application to the Act was a matter of first impression, the Sixth Circuit reasoned that the petition should have been dismissed on the grounds that the petitioner's "fugitivity, and his actions, constitute abuses to which a court should not accede." Id. at 567. As for the requisite nexus, the court stated:

Mr. Prevot's flight and his subsequent invocation of [the Act] were ... "related components of a general scheme." He fled to escape his criminal conviction and other responsibilities to court, probation officers, victim and government, and to assemble and hold his family in a refuge beyond the reach of American courts and American responsibilities. In Mr. Prevot's hands [the Act] is a tool used to permit him to escape American justice and responsibilities while holding his children with him. Flight was but one step, and [a claim under the Act] the latest link, in a chain of proximately related events that began with the Texas conviction and ended in the district court proceedings in this case. It is obvious that if Mr. Prevot returned to the United States and was imprisoned he could not successfully maintain [a claim under the Act.] Either the habitual residence of the children would have changed, or they would no longer be in his custody, or the exceptions relating to risk of harm to the children would apply.

Id.

Respectfully, this Court cannot endorse the Sixth Circuit's reliance on Prevot's tenuous chain-of-events analysis to support application of the fugitive disentitlement doctrine. The Prevot court merely glamorizes an unrelated act of "judicial defiance" in contravention of the Supreme Court's teachings in Ortega-Rodriguez. See Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S. at 246, n. 17, 113 S.Ct. 1199. The reasoning in Prevot renders the nexus requirement meaningless — any flight from justice and later attempt to reunite family could easily be dubbed a "chain of proximately related events" and automatically disentitle a fugitive from proceeding under the Act.1

Even if this Court chose to follow Prevot and essentially abandon the nexus requirement, the fact that John Walsh merely eluded a criminal allegation, rather than a conviction, prevents this Court from extending the Prevot holding to the facts of this case. As recounted above, the Sixth Circuit emphasized that Mr. Prevot could not "successfully maintain" a claim under the Act if he were to return to the United States because he faced certain imprisonment. Prevot, 59 F.3d at 567. Without a waiting caretaker, the court could not have ordered the return of the Prevot children to France. See id. Here, however, John Walsh would return to face a fair trial with the corresponding presumption of innocence. He might very well return to Ireland after resolution of his case and "successfully maintain" his petition. Accordingly, this Court refuses to apply the fugitive disentitlement doctrine in the absence of stronger precedent.2

E. Extradition

As a final matter, although John Walsh has participated in this litigation from his "hideout" in Ireland, ...

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    • United States
    • U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit
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