Jenson v. R.L.K. & Co.

• Citation: 534 N.W.2d 719
• Decision Date: 25 July 1995
• Docket Number: No. C7-95-209,C7-95-209
• Parties: Jack JENSON, a Trustee for the Heirs and Next-of-Kin of Jessica Jenson, Respondent, v. R.L.K. & CO., d/b/a Timberline Lodge, an Oregon Corporation, Appellant, Afton Advantage, Inc., d/b/a Afton Advantage Sports Camp, Lindsey Ahlstrom, Respondents.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Minnesota

Page 719

534 N.W.2d 719

Jack JENSON, a Trustee for the Heirs and Next-of-Kin of

Jessica Jenson, Respondent, v. R.L.K. & CO., d/b/a Timberline Lodge, an Oregon Corporation, Appellant,

Afton Advantage, Inc., d/b/a Afton Advantage Sports Camp,

Lindsey Ahlstrom, Respondents.

No. C7-95-209.

Court of Appeals of Minnesota.

July 25, 1995.

Review Denied Sept. 20, 1995.

Syllabus by the Court

1. A nonresident defendant does not have "systematic and continuous" contacts with Minnesota that would permit the exercise of general jurisdiction merely because it advertises in publications with a nationwide circulation, solicits business from the public at-large, responds to Minnesota residents' requests for information, and requires insurance 2. The exercise of specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is improper where the cause of action is unrelated to defendant's contacts with Minnesota.

deposits, and liability releases from all its customers, including those who reside in Minnesota.

J. Michael Dady, Ronald K. Gardner, J. Michael Dady & Associates, P.A., Minneapolis, for Jack Jenson.

Brian N. Johnson, Sheila T. Kerwin, Popham, Haik, Schnobrich & Kaufman, Ltd., Minneapolis, for R.L.K. & Co.

Thomas E. Marshall, Mackall, Crounse & Moore, Minneapolis, for Afton Advantage Inc.

Kenneth W. Dodge, Meagher & Geer, Minneapolis, for Lindsey Ahlstrom.

Considered and decided by LANSING, P.J., and KALITOWSKI and PETERSON, JJ.

OPINION

KALITOWSKI, Judge.

R.L.K. & Co., d/b/a/ Timberline Lodge (Timberline) appeals the order denying its motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.

FACTS

R.L.K. & Co. is an Oregon corporation that owns and operates the Timberline Lodge on Mt. Hood in Oregon. Timberline's principal place of business is in Oregon. Timberline maintains no business office in Minnesota, does not own any real or personal property within Minnesota, does not have an agent to accept service of process within Minnesota, and has no Minnesota residents serving as officers or employees. Timberline does, however, advertise in national magazines which make their way into Minnesota. Afton Advantage, Inc. (Afton) is a Minnesota corporation that runs ski racing training camps for children and teenagers.

In 1991, Afton contacted Timberline to inquire about its summer skiing opportunities. Timberline sent Afton a brochure outlining its registration requirements and available summer sessions. These contacts were either by mail or by telephone. According to the registration requirements, Afton had to obtain: (1) a $1 million liability policy naming R.L.K. & Co. and Timberline as named additional insureds; (2) a liability and release agreement for each racer; and (3) a $150 deposit.

In addition to Afton, Timberline had contact with Minnesota through its relationship with another ski racing camp, Erich Sailer Ski Racing Camp (Sailer). Timberline and Sailer began their business relationship in 1992. Sailer followed the same registration requirements as set forth above. Sailer also held ski race camps at Timberline in 1993 and 1994. ¹

In 1992, Afton contacted Timberline and again decided to hold its summer ski camp at that location. Afton recruited the racers, one of whom was Jessica Jenson, a 17-year-old Minnesota resident. Afton obtained the required insurance policy in Minnesota and the required deposit and mailed them to Timberline. Afton also included a liability and release agreement, which each racer was required to sign.

Camp was held from June 25 through July 10, 1992. On July 2, Jessica Jenson was practicing turns across the lower portion of the mountain when Lindsey Ahlstrom, another Minnesota resident, ran into her causing her to be thrown into some rocks. Jenson lapsed into a coma and died.

Jack Jenson, Jessica's father, sued Timberline, Afton, and Ahlstrom in Minnesota. Timberline moved for summary judgment arguing that the district court lacked personal jurisdiction. The court denied the motion, and Timberline appeals.

ISSUE

Is the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Timberline by the State of Minnesota proper?

ANALYSIS

An order denying a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is appealable as a matter of right. Stanek v. A.P.I., Inc., 474 N.W.2d 829, 831 (Minn.App.1991), pet. for rev. denied (Minn. Oct. 31, 1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 977, 112 S.Ct. 1603, 118 L.Ed.2d 316 (1992). Whether personal jurisdiction exists is a question of law, which this court reviews de novo. Id. at 832.

A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant if: (1) the requirements of the long-arm statute, Minn.Stat. § 543.19 (1994), are met; ² and (2) there are sufficient minimum contacts to satisfy constitutional due process requirements. Id. Minnesota's long-arm statute is coextensive with the constitutional limits of due process. Valspar Corp. v. Lukken Color Corp., 495 N.W.2d 408, 410 (Minn.1992). In other words:

If the personal jurisdiction requirements of the federal constitution are met, the requirements of the long-arm statute will necessarily be met also. Thus, * * * Minnesota courts may simply apply the federal case law.

Id. at 411.

Under the Due Process Clause, jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is proper only if the defendant has "certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.' " International Shoe v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 343, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940)). In making this determination, the court focuses on "the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation." Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 204, 97 S.Ct. 2569, 2580, 53 L.Ed.2d 683 (1977). A nonresident defendant's conduct and connections with the forum state must be such that the defendant "should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 567, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980).

There are two types of jurisdiction: general and specific. Helicopteros Nacionales v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 nn. 8-9, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 1872 nn. 8-9, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984); Valspar, 495 N.W.2d at 411. General jurisdiction exists when a defendant has "continuous and systematic" contacts with the forum state. Helicopteros Nacionales, 466 U.S. at 415-16, 104 S.Ct. at 1872-73. For purposes of specific jurisdiction, a single contact with the forum state may give rise to jurisdiction if the cause of action arose out of the contact. See McGee v. International Life Ins., 355 U.S. 220, 223, 78 S.Ct. 199, 201, 2 L.Ed.2d 223 (1957) (insurance contract with nonresident insurer); Marquette Nat'l Bank v. Norris, 270 N.W.2d 290, 295 (Minn.1978) (bank renewed loans to nonresident obligors).

Minnesota uses the following factors to determine if the exercise of personal jurisdiction is proper: (1) the quantity of contacts; (2) the nature and quality of the contacts; (3) the source and connection of the cause of action to the contacts; and the less significant factors of (4) Minnesota's interest in providing a forum for its residents; and (5) the convenience of the parties. Hardrives Inc. v. City of LaCrosse, 307 Minn. 290, 294, 240 N.W.2d 814, 817 (1976).

(1) Quantity of Contacts. Timberline contends that mailing five brochures to Minnesota and advertising in magazines that made their way into Minnesota were not systematic and continuous contacts with Minnesota that would render general jurisdiction proper. It also argues that requiring deposits and releases does not give rise to jurisdiction. We agree.

Cases in which general jurisdiction has been found have consisted of more numerous contacts than those presented here. See, e.g., Perkins v. Benguet Consol. Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437, 448, 72 S.Ct. 413, 419, 96 L.Ed. 485 (1952) (holding Ohio courts properly exerted jurisdiction over Philippine mining company where company set up office, kept files, carried out correspondence, drew and distributed salary checks, and maintained bank accounts in Ohio); Hardrives, 307 Minn. at 295, 240 N.W.2d at 817 (exercise of general jurisdiction proper where nonresident defendant held negotiations, inspections, and planning sessions in Minnesota).

Timberline did not specifically solicit business in Minnesota; it did not have an office in Minnesota; and its employees did not travel to Minnesota. The few telephone calls, exchange of correspondence, and release requirements are not systematic and continuous contacts that would give rise to jurisdiction. See Camelback Ski Corp. v. Behning, 312 Md. 330, 539 A.2d 1107, 1108, 1113 (1988) (mailing five to six brochures per year to forum state did not satisfy due process), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 849, 109 S.Ct. 130, 102 L.Ed.2d 103 (1988); Morris v. Barkbuster, Inc., 923 F.2d 1277, 1279, 1281 (8th Cir.1991) (exercise of general jurisdiction improper where nonresident defendants' only contacts with Minnesota consisted of selling a product line to a Minnesota corporation and entering into consulting agreement).

(2) Nature and Quality of the Contacts. In reviewing the nature and quality of the contacts, the court attempts to determine whether the nonresidents "purposefully availed" themselves of the protections and benefits of Minnesota law. Dent-Air, Inc. v. Beech Mountain Air Serv., 332 N.W.2d 904, 907 (Minn.1983); see also Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 1239-40, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958) (minimum contacts exist where defendant has purposefully availed itself of privilege of conducting activities with forum state).

When a nonresident's contacts are directed at attaining a commercial benefit within Minnesota jurisdiction may be proper. See, e.g., Kopperud v. Agers, 312 N.W.2d 443, 445 (Minn.1981) (foreign defendant's contacts involving scheme to defraud Minnesota investor's and knowledge that Minnesota...