Aslam v. Mukasey

• Citation: 537 F.3d 110
• Decision Date: 08 August 2008
• Docket Number: No. 05-1044-ag.,05-1044-ag.
• Parties: Muhammad ASLAM, Petitioner, v. Michael B. MUKASEY, United States Attorney General,<SMALL><SUP>1</SUP></SMALL> Respondent.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (2nd Circuit)

537 F.3d 110

Muhammad ASLAM, Petitioner, v. Michael B. MUKASEY, United States Attorney General,¹ Respondent.

No. 05-1044-ag.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Submitted: July 8, 2008.

Decided: August 8, 2008.

Muhammad Aslam, pro se, Brooklyn, N.Y., for Petitioner.

Roslynn R. Mauskopf, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York (Scott Dunn, Assistant United States Attorney, Dione M. Enea, Special Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), Brooklyn, N.Y., for Respondent.

Before: POOLER, HALL, Circuit Judges, TRAGER, District Judge.²

PER CURIAM:

Petitioner Muhammad Aslam, a native and citizen of Pakistan, petitions us pro se to review the final order of removal issued against him entered by the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") on February 11 2005. The BIA summarily affirmed, without an opinion, the October 28, 2003 order of the Immigration Judge ("IJ") denying Aslam's application for relief in the form of an adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent resident, pursuant to section 235 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, ("INA"), as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1255. The IJ determined that Aslam is ineligible to adjust his status because he is inadmissible to the United States under INA section 212(a)(6)(C)(I), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(I).

Aslam, a native and citizen of Pakistan, entered the United States without inspection at an unknown date. In both 1997 and 2000, Aslam filed applications to adjust his status based on two different marriages to United States citizens. Both applications were denied: his 1997 application was denied because it was deemed abandoned, and his 2000 application was denied for fraud. In February 2002, Aslam was issued a notice to appear in immigration court in Ohio based on his illegal entry into the United States; the venue was subsequently changed to New York. In June 2002, he applied for an employment immigrant visa, and in November 2002, he applied to adjust his status, based on his visa application, as relief from removal. In December 2002, the notice to appear was amended to charge Aslam with removability based on his attempts to fraudulently procure a visa through his two prior marriage petitions. Aslam denied those charges.

On January 29, 2003, the Government filed a motion to introduce video conference testimony of its key witnesses, in order to prove its fraud allegations. Specifically the Government sought to present videoconference testimony of Aslam's two ex-wives and the Special Agent who had previously conducted Aslam's adjustment of status interviews. At that time, Aslam opposed the video testimony arguing that it violated his Fifth Amendment rights to due process. At the merits hearing held on April 30, 2003, the IJ granted the Government's request for videoconferencing testimony, but also told Aslam that he would "entertain a motion to transfer venue to Cleveland[, Ohio] so the witnesses can appear in person." Aslam's attorney chose not to file such a motion and a merits hearing took place in New York, with the videoconference testimony of a key witness.

At the merits hearing, Aslam's first ex-wife, Justine Netola, testified via videoconference that she had been paid to marry Aslam so that he could obtain legal status in the United States and that their marriage was fraudulent. When asked if she saw Aslam in Court she stated "Yes." When asked what he was wearing she stated, "I can't, he's got something dark on, I can't really see him all that well.... No, he just raised his hand. He's sitting next to the woman in the purple shirt." Thereafter the Judge stated, "[l]et the [record] reflect respondent is identified, the witness has identified the respondent."

Netola testified that she had been paid $1,500 to marry Aslam and had been promised that she would be paid additional money, some of which she later received, for each month she remained married to Aslam. She further testified that this marriage was never consummated; that, while they had a joint bank account, and filed joint taxes together one year, they never actually lived together as husband and wife. Netola testified that she knew it was illegal to engage in marriage fraud. No other witnesses testified at the hearing.

On appeal, petitioner makes three arguments. First, that the use of videoconferencing testimony of a witness at his hearing before the immigration judge violated his rights under the due process clause. Second, that the Government failed to meet its burden of proof by failing to establish that petitioner engaged in fraudulent marriage. Third, that the BIA abused its discretionary powers by affirming the IJ's order without an opinion.

Standard and Scope of Review

When the BIA summarily affirms the decision of the IJ without issuing an opinion, see 8 C.F.R. § 1003. 1(e)(4), we review the IJ's decision as the final agency determination. See, e.g., Twum v. INS, 411 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir.2005); Yu Sheng Zhang v. U.S. DOJ, 362 F.3d 155, 158 (2d Cir.2004). The agency's "findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). Thus, we will reverse a finding of fact only if "a reasonable fact finder would be compelled to reach a contrary conclusion." Zhi Wei Pang v. BCIS, 448 F.3d 102, 107 (2d Cir.2006); see also Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 400 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review legal issues, including the application of the law to the facts, de novo. See Secaida-Rosales v. INS, 331 F.3d 297, 307 (2d Cir.2003).

Due Process Violation

Petitioner argues that the use of videoconferencing testimony of a witness at his hearing before the IJ violated his due process rights. It is important to note that the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply in removal proceedings; rather, "[e]vidence is admissible provided that it does not violate the alien's right to due process of law." Zhen Nan Lin v. United States DOJ, 459 F.3d 255, 268 (2d Cir. 2006). The standard for due process is therefore satisfied in immigration proceedings if the evidence "is probative and its use is fundamentally fair," fairness in this context being "closely related to the reliability and trustworthiness of the evidence." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see Felzcerek v. INS, 75 F.3d 112, 115 (2d Cir.1996).

Congress explicitly granted IJs statutory authority to conduct removal proceedings via video conference. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(2)(A)(iii). Because an IJ has statutory authority to conduct entire proceedings via videoconference, it follows, and we so hold, that an IJ also has the authority to allow witnesses to testify at immigration proceedings via videoconference. However, such testimony, while statutorily permitted, must nevertheless still accord with the constitutional requirements for due process under Mathews v. Eldridge: "due process requires, at a minimum, that the INS adopt procedures to ensure that asylum petitioners are accorded an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner, i.e., that they receive a full and fair hearing on their claims." Rusu v. INS, 296 F.3d 316, 321-22 (4th Cir.2002) (applying the requirements for due process set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976), to immigration proceedings). See also Eke v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 372 (7th Cir.2008) (noting that no court has ever held that the use of a videoconference in an immigration proceeding violated the due process clause, but agreeing that Mathews v. Eldridge should guide the court's analysis in such a context). As the Fourth Circuit explained, when analyzing the use of videoconferencing in immigration proceedings,

[R]egardless of how rapidly technological improvements, such as video conferencing, may advance, the Government remains obliged to ensure that asylum petitioners are accorded a meaningful opportunity to be heard before their cases are determined. In this regard the procedures utilized in [petitioner]'s hearing could have resulted in the denial of a full and fair hearing on his claim. The utilization of video conferencing, although enhancing the efficient conduct of the judicial and administrative process, also has the potential of creating certain problems in adjudicative proceedings .... virtual reality is rarely a substitute for actual presence and ... even in an age of advancing technology, watching an event on the screen remains less than the complete equivalent of actually attending it. More specifically, video conferencing may render it difficult for a factfinder in adjudicative proceedings to make credibility determinations and to gauge demeanor.

Rusu, 296 F.3d at 322. Thus, while videoconferencing, including videoconference testimony of witnesses, is permissible in immigration proceedings, admission of such evidence must accord with the constitutional requirements of the Due Process Clause.

Here, however, petitioner's due process rights were not violated by the admission of videoconference testimony of a witness at his immigration hearing. In this case, it was not petitioner that was being interviewed via videoconference, but rather a key witness: his ex-wife who testified that she engaged in a fraudulent marriage with the petitioner. The admission of such evidence was clearly probative, and there is no evidence in the record that its use was not fundamentally fair. See Zhen Nan Lin, 459 F.3d at 268. Significantly, the IJ presented the petitioner with the opportunity to file a motion to transfer venue in light of the fact that key witnesses were located in Ohio and would have to testify via videoconference; the petitioner, however, declined this opportunity. Then, at the hearing, the petitioner had a full opportunity to confront and cross-examine the witness, his ex-wife, and to draw attention to any credibility issues or inconsistencies in her testimony. And, finally, pe...