Bowe v. First of Denver Mortg. Investors

Decision Date23 September 1977
Docket NumberNo. 76-1431,76-1431
Citation562 F.2d 640
PartiesFed. Sec. L. Rep. P 96,182 Kathryn P. BOWE, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. FIRST OF DENVER MORTGAGE INVESTORS et al., Defendants-Appellees.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Aram A. Hartunian, Chicago, Ill. (Robert Plotkin, Chicago, Ill., Charles Barnhill, Jr., of Davis, Miner & Barnhill, Chicago, Ill., and Elliott & Greengard, Denver, Colo., on the brief), for plaintiff-appellant.

Raymond B. Danks of Hughes & Dorsey, Denver, Colo., and Peter F. Breitenstein of Fairfield & Woods, Denver, Colo. (Marshall Simonds and Kenneth A. Cohen of Goodwin Procter & Hoar, Boston, Mass., on the brief), for defendants-appellants.

Before SETH, HOLLOWAY and BARRETT, Circuit Judges.

BARRETT, Circuit Judge.

Katherine P. Bowe (Bowe) appeals from the order of the district court denying her motion to permit her suit to proceed as a class action. Bowe's amended complaint alleges that securities frauds violative of § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C.A. § 78j(b), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder were practiced upon her and members of her class by defendants-appellees, including First of Denver Mortgage Investors. For convenience the appellees shall be referred to as Mortgage Investors.

We are called upon to decide whether the district court erred in ruling that a class action under Fed.R.Civ.Proc., rule 23, 28 U.S.C.A., is not superior to other means of resolving the subject litigation on the basis of the court's findings that Bowe failed to show that (a) there are questions of law and fact common to the class, (b) her claims are typical of the claims of the purported class, (c) she can fairly and adequately protect the interests of the purported class, and (d) there is a desirability of concentrating litigation of claims in "this forum" and that the advantages of class litigation would outweigh the obvious difficulties to be encountered in the management of a class action of the magnitude suggested.

Bowe relies upon § 1291, 28 U.S.C.A., as her jurisdictional basis on appeal. That section, of course, vests jurisdiction in the courts of appeal from all "final decisions" of the district courts. At the threshold we are confronted with the issue as to whether the order denying Bowe's right to proceed on behalf of approximately 6,000 members of the class and the denial of class certification is interlocutory and not reviewable under § 1291, supra.

The district court relied upon Bowe's first amended complaint, the pleadings and extensive memoranda submitted by the parties in support of and/or in opposition to the certification of a class. In October, 1973, Bowe purchased 100 shares of beneficial interests in Mortgage Investors for $2,333.41 or the "inflated" market price of $22.875 per share. Bowe alleges that at the time she filed this action the "inflated" market had collapsed and that each of her shares had decreased in value to $4.00. Represented in this suit by three law firms, she requested that the district court declare her the representative of approximately 6,000 persons who acquired Mortgage Investors shares of beneficial interests from its inception in 1970 to January 1, 1975. The general thread of her complaint is that Mortgage Investors engaged in a continuing and common course of conduct and conspiracy to manipulate and inflate the price of its securities by failing to disclose material facts, constituting fraud under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, common law fraud, and violation of the Colorado Securities Act. Bowe seeks compensatory damages for herself and all other members of the class, injunctive relief and declaratory judgment.

The district court did not find any basis for a class action. The court stated that it could not perceive how the Bowe interests could be aligned with all of those who had purchased and sold shares of beneficial interests over the aforesaid period, observing that the economic changes which had occurred had such varied impact on the business of Mortgage Investors that the duty of disclosure would necessarily vary significantly and "(t)hat, in itself, is a sufficient factual variation to prevent the kind of class relief sought here." (R., Vol. IV, p. 227.) The court further stated that "(a) single unhappy investor should not be empowered to call upon a court to undertake the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action of the magnitude sought in this case without more than what has been presented here" which the court characterized as "pretextural efforts" to obtain class certification on more convenient grounds than the showings necessary under Rule 23(b)(1) and (3). (R., Vol. IV, p. 227.) The court specially found that ". . . the plaintiff has failed to show that there are questions of law or fact common to the class; that her claims are typical of the claims of that purported class; that she can fairly and adequately protect the interests of the purported class; that there is a desirability of concentrating litigation of claims in this forum and that the advantages of class litigation would outweigh the obvious difficulties to be encountered in the management of a class action of the magnitude suggested in this case." (R., Vol. IV, p. 227.) The court concluded that if there be merit in Bowe's claims, it can best be determined by proceeding expeditiously with her individual complaint. The order denied the motion for class action certification and directed that the case proceed upon the amended complaint as an individual claim.

Fed.R.Civ.Proc. rule 23(a) and (b), 28 U.S.C.A. provides:

Rule 23. Class Actions

(a) Prerequisites to a Class Action. One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.

(b) Class Actions Maintainable. An action may be maintained as a class action if the prerequisites of subdivision (a) are satisfied, and in addition:

(1) the prosecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the class would create a risk of

(A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, or

(B) adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of the other members not parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests; or

(2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole; or

(3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy. The matters pertinent to the findings include: (A) the interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; (D) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.

I.

It is significant to note that after this case was decided by the district court and completely briefed on appeal, the opinion of this court in the case of Ralph E. West et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants v. Capitol Federal Savings and Loan Association et al., Defendants-Appellees, No. 77-1058, 558 F.2d 977 (1977) came down. That opinion conclusively holds that an order denying class certification is interlocutory and not reviewable under § 1291, supra, under circumstances in which the plaintiff has made no showing that the case will not proceed in the absence of class certification. A portion of that opinion reads:

. . . In Monarch v. Wilshire we said, 511 F.2d (1073) at 1076-1077, that "(b)arring the death knell exception . . . an order denying class status is interlocutory and not appealable." See also Seiffer v. Topsy's International, Inc., 10 Cir. 520 F.2d 795, cert. denied 423 U.S. 1051, 96 S.Ct. 779, 46 L.Ed.2d 640.

In Hellerstein v. Mr. Steak, Inc., 10 Cir., 531 F.2d 470, 471, cert. denied 429 U.S. 823, 50 L.Ed.2d 85, we held that an order granting class action status is not appealable under § 1291. The difference between that case and the one now under consideration is that here we have a denial of class certification. The rule should apply both ways. . . .

The plaintiffs have made no showing, either in the trial court or here, that the case will not proceed in the absence of class certification. We are aware of no reason why it may not. . . .

. . . The order denying class certification is interlocutory and not reviewable under either Rule 54(b) or § 1291. . . . (Underlining supplied.)

West v. Capitol Federal Savings and Loan Association, No. 77-1058, pp. 981-982.

Since Rule 23, supra, was amended in 1966, the courts have been confronted with the difficult question of determining when a class action order entered under Rule 23(c)(1) is appealable. The Supreme Court recognized the difficulty in Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 40 L.Ed.2d 732 (1974):

. . . While the...

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