U.S. v. Bane, 77-5333

• Decision Date: 25 August 1978
• Docket Number: No. 77-5333,77-5333
• Citation: 583 F.2d 832
• Parties: 99 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2334, 84 Lab.Cas. P 10,792 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Joseph M. BANE, Sr., Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 832

583 F.2d 832

99 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2334, 84 Lab.Cas. P 10,792

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Joseph M. BANE, Sr., Defendant-Appellant.

No. 77-5333.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

Argued June 12, 1978.

Decided Aug. 25, 1978.

Kevin M. Sullivan, Isaac Schulz, Ford, Whitney, Crump & Schulz, Cleveland, Ohio, Mayer Morganroth, Southfield, Mich., John F. Chambers, Ripple, Chambers & Steiner, Detroit, Mich., for defendant-appellant.

James K. Robinson, U. S. Atty., Detroit, Mich., Patty Ellen Merkamp, App. Section, Crim. Div., T. George Gilinsky, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before PHILLIPS, Chief Circuit Judge, CELEBREZZE, Circuit Judge, and NEESE, ^* District Judge.

CELEBREZZE, Circuit Judge.

Appellant, Joseph M. Bane, Sr., was found guilty by a jury of misappropriating union funds in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 501(c). ¹ The principal issues raised on appeal require this court to delineate the elements of the crime set forth in § 501(c) and to determine whether the district court's jury instructions properly reflected those elements. For reasons stated below, we affirm.

Appellant was president of Local 614 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in Pontiac, Michigan, at all times relevant to this cause. ² In 1967, appellant requested for Local 614 a subsidy of $1,000 per month from the Teamsters international union. This subsidy was proposed to enable Local 614 to hire an experienced union organizer. James R. Hoffa, then Teamsters international president, approved the subsidy for six months, subject to renewal. Appellant used the subsidy to hire James R. Hoffa's brother, William Hoffa, as an organizer. The subsidy was renewed at appellant's request for subsequent six-month periods through 1974 on the approval of James R. Hoffa and his successor Frank E. Fitzsimmons.

The government demonstrated that during the period covered by the indictment (Viz., November 1970 through March 1974) William Hoffa was a "no-show" and did no organizing work for Local 614. ³ He continued to receive the international's subsidy payments from Local 614, however, throughout this period. Appellant regularly submitted forms to the international union showing that the subsidy was used to pay William Hoffa for organizing.

Appellant and William Hoffa were indicted in early 1976 for seven counts of mail fraud, one count of conspiracy and one count charging violation of § 501(c) both as principals and aiders and abettors. All counts arose from the same events William Hoffa's "no-show" job. William Hoffa died of natural causes before trial. Appellant presented two somewhat inconsistent defenses at trial. First, he claimed that William Hoffa had become too ill to work for Local 614 and that during the period covered by the indictment the payments made to William Hoffa were pursuant to an informal union sick pay policy. Second, appellant claimed that William Hoffa actually did work as an organizer for Local 614 during this time. As to the first defense, it was conceded that William Hoffa was ill, which illnesses eventually led to his death, but there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude either that he was not too ill to work or that, if too ill to work, the payments were not really made pursuant to any sick pay policy. As to the second defense, there was more than sufficient evidence for the jury to find that William Hoffa did not work as an organizer for Local 614.

The jury found appellant guilty of six of the seven counts of mail fraud and of violating § 501(c); appellant was acquitted of one count of mail fraud and conspiracy. Appellant moved for a judgment of acquittal after the jury verdict. The district court granted a new trial on the six mail fraud counts but denied the motion as to the § 501(c) violation, 433 F.Supp. 1286 (E.D.Mich.1977), so that only the § 501(c) count is presently before us.

Appellant's principal arguments on appeal are twofold. First, he claims the fact that the payments to William Hoffa were authorized and had at least a "colorable" benefit to the union insulates him from liability under § 501(c). Second, he argues that, even if authorization was not a valid defense, the district court should have instructed the jury that it had to find that there was no actual benefit to the union from the payments made to William Hoffa. Both of these arguments are without merit.

We have held that in enacting § 501 Congress imposed the broadest possible fiduciary duty upon union officers and employees. United States v. Vitale, 489 F.2d 1367, 1368 (6th Cir. 1974), citing United States v. Silverman, 430 F.2d 106, 113 (2d Cir.), Modified on other grounds 439 F.2d 1198 (2d Cir. 1970), Cert. den. 402 U.S. 953, 91 S.Ct. 1619, 29 L.Ed.2d 123 (1971). See also United States v. Nell, 526 F.2d 1223, 1232 (5th Cir. 1976); United States v. Goad, 490 F.2d 1158, 1161-62 (8th Cir.), Cert. den. 417 U.S. 945, 94 S.Ct. 3068, 41 L.Ed.2d 665 (1974). "The language in the statute, 'embezzles, steals, or unlawfully and willfully abstracts or converts . . .,' would seem to cover almost every kind of a taking, whether by larceny, theft, embezzlement or conversion." United States v. Harmon, 339 F.2d 354, 357 (6th Cir. 1964), Cert. den. 380 U.S. 944, 85 S.Ct. 1025, 13 L.Ed.2d 963 (1965). We have upheld a § 501(c) conviction on facts similar to those in the instant case, United States v. Decker, 304 F.2d 702 (6th Cir. 1962), and the conduct alleged by the government here clearly comes within the statute's coverage of "Any person who embezzles, . . . or unlawfully and willfully abstracts or converts to . . . the use of another, any of the moneys (or) funds . . . of a labor organization of which he is an officer . . . ." Section 501(c) was meant "to protect general union memberships from the corruption, however novel, of union officials and employees." United States v. Sullivan, 498 F.2d 146, 150 (1st Cir.), Cert. den. 419 U.S. 993, 95 S.Ct. 303, 42 L.Ed.2d 265 (1974), Citing United States v. Harmon, supra, 339 F.2d at 357-58. Thus, appellant's § 501(c) conviction as either a principal or an aider and abettor must be upheld if the district court properly instructed the jury on the elements of a § 501(c) offense.

Section 501(c) cases are usually one of two types one type involves unauthorized expenditures of union funds ⁴ and the other involves authorized expenditures. ⁵ This circuit has never had occasion to expressly delineate the elements of a § 501(c) offense in a case involving unauthorized expenditure of union funds. ⁶ See United States v. Nell, supra, 526 F.2d at 1232; United States v. Goad, supra, 490 F.2d at 1166. See also United States v. Robinson, 512 F.2d 491 (2d Cir.), Cert. den. 423 U.S. 853, 96 S.Ct. 100, 46 L.Ed.2d 78 (1975); United States v. Silverman, supra, 430 F.2d at 113-17 (Moore, J., dissenting in part). Nor do we have occasion to do so here since the district court instructed the jury that the payments to William Hoffa were authorized by both the international and local union. ⁷ We thus assume that the expenditures were authorized and analyze the case on that basis.

In a § 501(c) case in which the expenditure of union funds was authorized the government must prove two distinct but interrelated elements. ⁸ First, it must prove that the defendant had a fraudulent intent to deprive the union of its funds and, second, that the defendant lacked a good faith belief that the expenditure was for the legitimate benefit of the union. ⁹ United States v. Santiago, supra, 528 F.2d at 1133-34; United States v. Ottley, supra, 509 F.2d at 671-72; United States v. Dibrizzi,393 F.2d 642, 644-45 (2d Cir. 1968); Colella v. United States, 360 F.2d 792, 798 (1st Cir.), Cert. den. 385 U.S. 829, 87 S.Ct. 65, 17 L.Ed.2d 65 (1966); Dolye v. United States, 318 F.2d 419, 422 (8th Cir. 1963).

Whether or not the expenditure did, in fact, legitimately benefit the union is relevant both to the defendant's good faith belief therein and his fraudulent intent. Ottley, supra, 509 F.2d at 671. An actual union benefit would tend to make good faith belief therein more likely and fraudulent intent less likely, and vice versa. But, contrary to appellant's argument, it is not necessary for the government to prove that the expenditure did not actually benefit the union. ¹⁰ To require such proof could absolve a defendant of liability when an otherwise fraudulent appropriation of funds fortuitously had some beneficial effect upon the union. Such a requirement would also be inconsistent with the strict fiduciary duty imposed upon union officials by § 501.

We have examined the district court's jury instructions ¹¹ in light of the above legal standards. We believe that the instructions properly focused the jury's attention on the need for the government to prove that appellant did not have a good faith belief that the subsidy payments to William Hoffa were for the legitimate benefit of the union. The instructions, taken as a whole, also gave the jury adequate opportunity to consider actual benefit to the union from this expenditure insofar as that related to appellant's good faith belief therein and his concomitant fraudulent intent.

All of the other issues raised by appellant have been considered and found to be without merit.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

* The Honorable C. G. Neese, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.

1 29 U.S.C. § 501(c):

Any person who embezzles, steals, or unlawfully and wilfully abstracts or converts to his own use, or the use of another, any of the moneys, funds, securities, property, or other assets of a labor organization of which he is an officer, or by which he is employed, directly or indirectly, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.

2 All of the facts contained in this paragraph are undisputed.

3 This was, of course, disputed by a...