Waugh v. Parker

• Citation: 584 S.W.3d 748
• Decision Date: 26 September 2019
• Docket Number: 2018-SC-000405-DG
• Parties: Suzanne WAUGH, Appellant v. Carol PARKER and John Parker, Appellees
• Court: United States State Supreme Court (Kentucky)

584 S.W.3d 748

Suzanne WAUGH, Appellant

v.Carol PARKER and John Parker, Appellees

2018-SC-000405-DG

Supreme Court of Kentucky.

SEPTEMBER 26, 2019

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT: John C. Dodson, Louisville, Nicholas Gaffney Evans, Thomas, Dodson & Wolford, PLLC.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: Berlin Tsai, Joseph Patrick Hummel, Louisville, Lynch Cox Gilman & Goodman, P.S.C.

COUNSEL FOR KENTUCKY DEFENSE COUNSEL, INC.: Joseph Wright, Thompson Miller & Simpson PLC, Andrew McGrath Yocum, Kriz, Jenkins, Prewitt & Jones, PSC.

OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE BUCKINGHAM

Suzanne Waugh appeals from an opinion of the Court of Appeals that affirmed an order of the Jefferson Circuit Court dismissing her claims for personal injuries in a civil action against her landlords, John Parker and Carol Parker. Waugh’s claims were based upon injuries she sustained as a result of a porch railing giving way, causing her to fall and suffer an ankle injury

. For the reasons explained below, we affirm.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Waugh and her boyfriend, James Parnell, rented a single-family home from the Parkers.¹ The residence included a side porch surrounded by an old, loose, and poorly maintained railing. From her prior inspection and knowledge of the railing, Waugh was aware of its condition.²

In December 2013, as Waugh opened the storm door leading from the porch into the house, a sudden gust of wind caught the door and knocked her into the railing. The railing gave way, and Waugh fell to the asphalt surface below and fractured her right ankle.

Waugh filed a civil action against the Parkers in the Jefferson Circuit Court alleging they were liable for her injuries. Following the completion of discovery, during which Waugh disclosed in her deposition that she was aware of the poor condition of the railing through her prior inspection and knowledge of it, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of the Parkers.

The Court of Appeals affirmed the award of summary judgment, and this Court granted discretionary review to examine the effect of the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (the URLTA) upon long-standing common law doctrine in Kentucky.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

In considering a motion for summary judgment, a trial court must view the record in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, resolving all doubts in its favor. Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991).

The trial court may grant summary judgment only if it concludes that no disputed issues of material fact exist for trial. Id. On appeal of a summary judgment, we must determine whether the trial court correctly found that the moving party was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Id. Because summary judgment involves questions of law, we need not defer to the trial court’s conclusions; accordingly, we review the record de novo. Blevins v. Moran, 12 S.W.3d 698, 700-01 (Ky. App. 2000).

III. THE PARKERS ARE NOT LIABLE TO WAUGH UNDER THE URLTA AND KRS 446.070

KRS 383.500 authorizes cities, counties, and urban-county governments to enact the provisions of the URLTA. The Act has been adopted in Jefferson County.

KRS 383.590 provides in relevant part that "[a]t the commencement of the term a landlord shall deliver possession of the premises to the tenant in compliance with the rental agreement and KRS 383.595." KRS 383.595 (1)(a) provides that a landlord shall "[c]omply with the requirements of applicable building and housing codes materially affecting health and safety[.]"

The Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government Property Maintenance Code (the Code) § 156.053(M) provides that "[e]very handrail and guard shall be firmly fastened and capable of supporting normally imposed loads and shall be maintained in good condition[.]"

Waugh contends that the URLTA, through its provisions contained in KRS 383.590 and KRS 383.595(1)(a), imposed duties upon the Parkers that they breached by failing to maintain the railing in a safe condition or to warn her of its dangerous condition. She alleges that "residential landlords in the Kentucky cities and counties that have adopted the URLTA have a statutory duty (which corresponds with the common law duty imposed upon all landlords throughout the entire Commonwealth) to bring their property into compliance with health and safety codes before making the property available for rent." Waugh alleges that the Parkers violated the provisions of the Code addressing porch railings.

In support of her position, Waugh refers to the affidavit of Dennis Martin, a code enforcement supervisor with the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government. Martin stated in his affidavit that in his opinion the porch rail was in a state of disrepair when Waugh fell and that he would have cited the Parkers for violation of the Code had he been made aware of its condition.

Alleging a breach of a statutory duty under the URLTA, Waugh contends that the breach constitutes negligence per se pursuant to KRS 446.070, which states that "[a] person injured by the violation of a statute may recover from the offender such damages as he sustained by reason of the violation, although penalty and forfeiture is imposed for such violation."

Milby v. Mears, 580 S.W.2d 724 (Ky. App. 1979), summarizes the general principles relating to a landlord’s duty in the context of a tenant’s claim for personal injury against a landlord:

It has been a longstanding rule in Kentucky that a tenant takes the premises as he finds them. The landlord need not exercise even ordinary care to furnish reasonably safe premises, and he is not generally liable for injuries caused by defects therein. Nevertheless, it is an established principle that a landlord has a duty to disclose a known defective condition which is unknown to the tenant and not discoverable through reasonable inspection.

Id. at 728 (citation omitted). In summary, landlords generally do not owe any duty to a tenant except to warn of any latent dangerous conditions that may exist on the property. Dutton v. McFarland, 199 S.W.3d 771, 773 (Ky. App. 2006) (citing Carver v. Howard, Ky., 280 S.W.2d 708, 711 (Ky. 1955) ) ("Where the tenant is put in complete and unrestricted possession and control of the premises, as here, the landlord is liable only for the failure to disclose known latent defects at the time the tenant leases the premises."). Waugh contends, however, that the statutory duties in the URLTA supplant the general principles set forth in Milby and Dutton.

The Parkers, on the other hand, contend that they have no liability pursuant to Miller v. Cundiff, 245 S.W.3d 786 (Ky. App. 2007). In that case a tenant fell on a piece of loose carpet she had previously asked the landlord to repair. The tenant sought damages for personal injuries, alleging the landlord breached a duty imposed by the URLTA requiring a landlord to make repairs to the premises as required by KRS 383.595(1)(b). Id. at 787-88.

The tenant maintained that the URLTA abrogated the common-law rule that shielded a landlord from liability for injuries resulting from known defects on the property. Id. at 788. In analyzing the issue, the Court of Appeals in Miller considered the language and legislative intent behind Kentucky’s version of the URLTA and concluded:

KRS 383.510 states that "[u]nless displaced by provisions of [the URLTA], the principles of law and equity ... supplement [the URLTA’s] provisions." This language clearly indicates that the URLTA was intended to supplement, not replace the common law. Therefore, ... we cannot find that Kentucky’s version of the URLTA demonstrates a clear intention on the part of the legislature to depart from the common-law standard for landlord liability.

Moreover, unlike other jurisdictions which have enacted the URLTA on a state-wide basis, Kentucky merely authorizes individual counties and cities to adopt the provisions of the URLTA. Such a limited and local adoption of the URLTA does not lend itself to a conclusion that the legislature intended a sweeping modification of the common law.

Id. at 789 (internal citations omitted).

The Court of Appeals noted that "the legislature’s intent to abrogate the common law must be clearly apparent, and is not to be presumed." 245 S.W.3d at 789 (citing Ruby Lumber Co. v. K.V. Johnson Co., 299 Ky. 811, 187 S.W.2d 449, 453 (1945) ). Like the Court of Appeals in Miller, in reviewing the provisions of the URLTA, we see no indication that the legislature intended to abrogate the common-law standard for landlord liability.

Waugh argues that Miller is distinguishable because the specific provision at issue there was the landlord’s duly to repair pursuant to KRS 383.595(1)(b), which requires a landlord to make all repairs and do whatever is necessary to put and keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition. Waugh states that her claim, however, is premised on KRS 383.595(1)(a), which imposes a duty to comply with building codes materially affecting health and safety.

Waugh’s attempt to distinguish Miller is unpersuasive. The well-reasoned decision in Miller unambiguously holds that the URLTA does not replace the common-law rules of landlord liability. 245 S.W.3d at 789. We conclude, therefore, that regardless of the specific provision of the URLTA allegedly violated, Waugh’s claim for personal injury is controlled by common law principles and not the URLTA.

Further, Waugh is not entitled to recover damages from the Parkers under KRS 446.070. As noted above, that statute provides, "A person injured by the violation of any statute may recover from the offender such damages as he sustained by reason of the violation, although a penalty or forfeiture is imposed for such violation."

KRS 446.070 codifies the doctrine of negligence per se and allows an injured party to recover "for a violation of a statutory standard of care if the statute in question provides no inclusive civil remedy and if the party is within the class of persons the statute is intended to protect."...