U.S. v. Santora
| Decision Date | 23 June 1980 |
| Docket Number | No. 79-5382,79-5382 |
| Citation | 619 F.2d 1052 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Frank SANTORA, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
Platzer & Fallick, Barry M. Fallick, New York City, for defendant-appellant.
James R. Gough, Asst. U. S. Atty., Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
Before VANCE and SAM D. JOHNSON, Circuit Judges, and THOMAS, * District Judge.
Frank Santora appeals his convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 371 on one count of conspiracy to transport stolen securities in interstate commerce and under 18 U.S.C. § 2314 on one count of transporting stolen securities. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress inculpatory evidence obtained during an investigatory stop. For reasons discussed below, we conclude that the evidence was properly admitted at trial; therefore, we affirm.
On February 8 and 9, 1979, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's confidential informant recorded several telephone conversations with one Marcello Stellato from the New York or Brooklyn area. The conversations concerned Stellato's proposal to sell negotiable securities in the form of municipal bonds which had been stolen on July 13, 1978, from Bradford Security in New York City to the informant at the Houston Intercontinental Airport on February 10, 1979. During this time the informant had also recorded a conversation which he had with another individual, also from the New York or Brooklyn area, who identified himself as "Frank" or "Frankie." In the course of this conversation "Frank" confirmed the amount of money to be paid for the securities and stated that he would be in Houston on February 10.
On the morning of February 10, 1979, Stellato telephoned the informant from the Houston Airport and arranged to meet him later that afternoon in the airport's Dobbs House coffee shop. Stellato described the clothing he would be wearing as a blue jacket, blue pants, and blue shirt. He also revealed that he would be carrying a tan overnight bag and would be alone.
Armed with all the above information, several F.B.I. agents, including McAuliffe Canalez and McGauley, went to the Houston Airport on the afternoon of February 10 to investigate the suspected conspiracy involving the stolen bonds. From the description Stellato gave of himself, Agent Canalez was able to recognize him standing in front of the Dobbs House coffee shop. As Canalez approached the coffee shop he noticed a man, 1 later identified as Frank Santora, walk past the coffee shop two times before he went into the cocktail lounge across from the coffee shop to share a table with a man later identified as co-defendant Varrone.
While Stellato and the confidential informant, accompanied by a female agent, were seated in the coffee shop discussing the sale of the stolen bonds, Santora and Varrone sat at a table in the cocktail lounge where they were noticed by Agent McAuliffe. The entrance to the coffee shop and part of its interior could be observed from the defendant's table. Several times during the coffee shop meeting Santora and Varrone walked by the coffee shop and looked in and also looked toward the coffee shop while seated in the lounge.
After Stellato left the coffee shop meeting and was arrested in a different part of the terminal, the F.B.I. agents approached Santora and Varrone, revealed that they were F.B.I. agents, and asked for defendants' identification. Santora produced his New York driver's license which confirmed the fact that he was from the New York City area and that his first name was Frank. The defendants also complied with the agents' request that they empty their pockets and accompany the agents to a more private place on the lower level. At the lower level, Agent McGauley examined the contents of the pockets in more detail and discovered documents describing the stolen municipal bonds, a piece of paper bearing the confidential informant's initials and telephone number and a telephone book containing Stellato's telephone number. (Santora had earlier denied that he knew Stellato.) After an agent who had listened to the "Frank" tape and the confidential informant had identified Santora's voice as that of "Frank" and the pocket contents had been examined, Santora and Varrone were formally placed under arrest and given the Miranda warnings.
Prior to his trial Santora filed a motion to suppress all of the evidence obtained from him during the investigatory stop in the Houston Airport. After a hearing, this motion to suppress was denied by the district judge. 2
On May 29, 1979, Santora and Varrone went to trial, the result of which was that Santora was found guilty of both counts contained in the indictment, while Varrone was acquitted of both counts. Stellato had earlier entered a plea of guilty. On July 9, 1979, Santora was sentenced to three years imprisonment on each count with the sentences to run consecutively.
Defendant Santora appeals, contending that the investigatory stop was illegal and that the evidence obtained during the stop was tainted by that initial illegality and, therefore, should have been suppressed under the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963); United States v. Ballard, 573 F.2d 913 (5th Cir. 1978).
There is no doubt that the confrontation of Santora and Varrone by the F.B.I. agents constituted a "stop" as contemplated by Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). The controlling issue in this case, then, is whether the initial stop was a lawful investigatory stop. A Terry stop of an individual is lawful if it is based on a reasonable suspicion that the person is involved with criminal activity. Id. Furthermore, that reasonable suspicion of criminal activity must stem from specific articulable facts. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975).
Both the government and the appellant articulate five specific facts which we find sufficient for reasonable suspicion that Santora was involved with criminal activity and, thus, justify the initial stop. These are stated as:
(1) the same color of clothing as Stellato
(2) his Italian appearance and hairstyle
(3) a belief that Stellato would be accompanied by other individuals
(4) Santora twice within one hour walking past the coffee shop and looking inside and
(5) looking toward the coffee shop while seated in the lounge.
Brief for Appellee at 6 and Brief for Appellant at 12.
The first two items listed involve the similarity of appearance of Santora and Varrone to that of Stellato, who was known to be involved in criminal activity. The agents also knew how Stellato would be dressed and were aware that his name was an Italian name. It was not unreasonable for the agent to suspect that Stellato's companions might be of similar ancestry. Therefore, it was reasonable for the agents to focus on two men similarly dressed in a manner consistent with the image of an Italian-American from the New York area. 3 The Texas trial judge may well have concluded that men so dressed would be as conspicuous in the Houston Airport as two Texans, similarly dressed in a manner consistent with the image of a Texan would be in an eastern airport.
The third articulated fact was based on the taped telephone conversation which the confidential informant received from "Frank" who stated that he would be coming to Houston at the same time as Stellato. Appellant argues that Stellato's statement that he would be alone at the coffee shop meeting should eliminate this fact from the agents' consideration. We do not agree. It was reasonable for the agents to suspect that "Frank" would be present at the airport though not present at the coffee shop meeting. The obvious interest of Santora and Varrone in...
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