Brockington v. Boykins

Decision Date22 March 2011
Docket NumberNo. 09–2308.,09–2308.
Citation637 F.3d 503
PartiesTim BROCKINGTON, Plaintiff–Appellee,v.Antwan Lamont BOYKINS, Defendant–Appellant,andBaltimore Police Department, Defendant.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE

ARGUED: Barron Stroud, Jr., Stroud & Priest, LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Eric Earl Murphy, Jones Day, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Joseph W. Clark, Katherine E. Stern, Mark R. Lentz, Jones Day, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.Before GREGORY, DAVIS, and WYNN, Circuit Judges.Affirmed by published opinion. Judge GREGORY wrote the opinion, in which Judge DAVIS and Judge WYNN joined.

OPINION

GREGORY, Circuit Judge:

This 42 U.S.C. § 1983 case deals with whether a police officer who used deadly force is entitled to qualified immunity. Timothy Brockington, PlaintiffAppellee, and Officer Antwan Boykins, DefendantAppellant, had a confrontation that led to separate criminal and civil proceedings. In the criminal proceedings, Brockington was convicted of kidnapping Officer Boykins, but acquitted of possessing a gun during that same incident. In the current civil proceedings, Brockington alleges Officer Boykins used excessive, deadly force in violation of his constitutional rights. Officer Boykins moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground of qualified immunity. The district court denied the motion. Because a reasonable officer would have recognized that deadly force was no longer needed after Brockington was injured and helpless with his back on the ground, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

I.

At the outset, we take judicial notice of Brockington's conviction in the Maryland Court of Special Appeals, which is a matter of public record. * Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 298, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d 209 (1986); see also 21B Charles Alan Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence 2d § 5106.4 (2005) (court may properly take judicial notice of final convictions). As is the case for the complaint itself, we construe the conviction in the light most favorable to the appellee. Papasan, 478 U.S. at 298, 106 S.Ct. 2932.

After a jury trial, Brockington was convicted of kidnapping, conspiracy to kidnap, carjacking, and robbery, but acquitted of all gun-related offenses. Brockington subsequently filed a pro se complaint against the Baltimore Police Department (“BPD”) and Boykins alleging claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of Brockington's rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution. The district court thereafter granted a motion to appoint counsel to represent Brockington. Brockington's counsel requested leave to file a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). The district court granted permission to do so. The court also denied Boykins' motion to dismiss on the doctrine of qualified immunity in a one-sentence order that contained no reasoning. The denial of qualified immunity is an immediately appealable order. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985).

The SAC alleges various crucial facts important to a motion to dismiss. According to the complaint, on or about July 5, 2005, after the initial crimes had been committed, Brockington and Boykins confronted each other on the backyard steps of a vacant house at 1123 Myrtle Avenue. Boykins fired his handgun at least twice at Brockington when Brockington was approximately four feet away on the steps. The first shot hit Brockington's left hand, almost severing his pinky from his hand. The second shot hit Brockington's upper abdomen and caused Brockington to fall off the stairs onto the cement landing below. Brockington was unable to get up or otherwise defend himself. As he lay on his back, Boykins stood directly over him and fired at least six shots at close range. Brockington did nothing to defend himself but raise his hands and sway from side to side to protect his face. After shooting Brockington a total of nine times, Boykins fled the scene. At no point in time was Brockington armed throughout the confrontation. As a result of the incident, Brockington spent three weeks on life support, is paralyzed, and is a paraplegic.

II.

We review de novo the decision of the lower court to deny a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule 12(b)(6), recognizing that dismissal is inappropriate unless, accepting as true the well-pled facts in the complaint and viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the plaintiff is unable to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Alt. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007); Jenkins v. Medford, 119 F.3d 1156, 1159 (4th Cir.1997) (en banc). “Although a motion pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) invites an inquiry into the legal sufficiency of the complaint, not an analysis of potential defenses to the claims set forth therein, dismissal nevertheless is appropriate when the face of the complaint clearly reveals the existence of a meritorious affirmative defense.” Brooks v. City of Winston–Salem, 85 F.3d 178, 181 (4th Cir.1996). One such defense is that of qualified immunity. Jenkins, 119 F.3d at 1159.

“Qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary functions from personal-capacity liability for civil damages under § 1983, insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Ridpath v. Board of Governors Marshall University, 447 F.3d 292, 306 (4th Cir.2006) (quoting Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609, 119 S.Ct. 1692, 143 L.Ed.2d 818 (1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Officials will receive immunity unless the § 1983 claim satisfies a two-prong test: (1) the allegations, if true, substantiate a violation of a federal statutory or constitutional right and (2) the right was “clearly established” such that a reasonable person would have known his acts or omissions violated that right. Id.; see also Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), modified by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009) (setting up this two-pronged framework).

III.

In determining whether Brockington's complaint satisfies the two-prong test articulated above, we must evaluate the reasonableness of the officer's use of deadly force under a multifactor analysis set forth in Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396–97, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). Graham governs our analysis of seizures alleged to have been effected in violation of the Fourth Amendment, and more specifically situations where excessive force is employed. 490 U.S. at 399, 109 S.Ct. 1865; see also Jones v. Buchanan, 325 F.3d 520, 527 (4th Cir.2003) (barring excessive force in effecting seizures). Graham specifies that whether force is excessive or not is based on “objective reasonableness” under the circumstances “without regard to [the officer's] underlying intent or motivation.” 490 U.S. at 390, 397, 109 S.Ct. 1865. “In assessing whether an officer's actions were objectively reasonable, we weigh the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental interests at stake.’ Turmon v. Jordan, 405 F.3d 202, 207 (4th Cir.2005) ( quoting Buchanan, 325 F.3d at 527) (internal punctuation omitted). “The nature of the intrusion on a plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights is generally measured by ‘the amount of force employed to [e]ffect the seizure.’ Id. ( citing Howerton v. Fletcher, 213 F.3d 171, 173 (4th Cir.2000)). “The extent of the plaintiff's injuries is also a relevant consideration.” Id. ( citing Buchanan, 325 F.3d at 527.). “Several factors are considered in assessing the governmental interests at stake, including the ‘severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of the officer [ ] or others, and whether he ... actively resisted arrest or attempted to evade arrest by flight.’ Id. ( citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865). “Because ‘police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving,’ the facts must be evaluated from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, and the use of hindsight must be avoided.” Waterman v. Batton, 393 F.3d 471, 476–77 (4th Cir.2005) ( citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97, 109 S.Ct. 1865).

Brockington conceded at oral argument that the initial use of deadly force to subdue him was reasonable. Nevertheless, he argues that Boykins used excessive force in shooting him multiple times once he was already immobilized. Boykins responds that he had probable cause to act because he reasonably believed his life was in danger. See Ralph v. Pepersack, 335 F.2d 128, 132 (4th Cir.1964) (probable cause must be evaluated by looking at circumstances as they actually faced officer, not as they are in theory). But whether or not Boykins had probable cause to detain Brockington is tangential to the question of deadly force. There is no indication that deadly force was necessary or reasonable once Brockington was initially shot, thrown to the ground by the force of the bullets, and wounded. See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 9–11, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985) ([t]he intrusiveness of a seizure by means of deadly force is unmatched” but may be deployed if “the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others.”). Furthermore, precedent suggests that it is possible to parse the sequence of events as they occur; while a totality of circumstances analysis still remains good law, if events occur in a series they may be analyzed as such. See Waterman, 393 F.3d 471, 477. Drawing all inferences in favor of Brockington from the allegations in the SAC, there was a clear break in the sequence of events. Brockington's injuries may have been...

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