U.S. v. Reyes, 80-1603

• Decision Date: 15 May 1981
• Docket Number: No. 80-1603,80-1603
• Citation: 645 F.2d 285
• Parties: 8 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 506 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Carlos REYES, Defendant-Appellant. Summary Calendar. . Unit A
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 285

645 F.2d 285

8 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 506

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Carlos REYES, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 80-1603

Summary Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Unit A

May 15, 1981.

J. G. Hornberger, Laredo, Tex., for defendant-appellant.

John M. Potter, Asst. U.S. Atty., Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before BROWN, POLITZ and TATE, Circuit Judges.

TATE, Circuit Judge:

The defendant was convicted after jury trial of both distribution and possession with intent to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), in three specific transactions. He received concurrent sentences on each count of which convicted. Upon his appeal, he contends (1) that the district court erroneously refused his request to instruct the jury as to entrapment and (2) that the court erred in failing to declare a mistrial sua sponte because of an unauthorized communication to a juror. Finding no merit in either contention, we affirm.

1. The Entrapment Issue

The defendant Reyes complains that the trial court erred in refusing to charge the jury as to his entrapment defense. The district court refused to do so, finding that there was insufficient evidence to create a jury question on that issue.

The entrapment defense permits acquittal when the criminal design originates with the officials of the government, and they implant in the mind of an innocent person the disposition to commit the alleged offense. Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 372, 78 S.Ct. 819, 821, 2 L.Ed.2d 848 (1958); Sorrels v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413 (1932). However, the fact that governmental agents merely afford the opportunity for the commission of the offense does not constitute entrapment: "To determine whether entrapment has been established, a line must be drawn between the trap for the unwary innocent and the trap for the unwary criminal." Sherman, supra, id. The defendant's lack of predisposition to commit the crime is the principal element of entrapment. United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973). See also Annotation, Narcotic Offenses Entrapment, 22 A.L.R.Fed. 731 (1975).

The defendant himself did not take the stand or present any affirmative evidence in support of his defense of entrapment. Nevertheless, he relies upon the principle that where (as he contends is presently the situation) the government's own case in chief injects substantial evidence of entrapment into the case, the defendant is entitled to raise the defense by motion for acquittal and by requested instruction to the jury, even though he at the same time does not abandon a defense that the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt his guilt of the conduct charged. Sears v. United States, 343 F.2d 139, 143 (5th Cir. 1965).

To raise the affirmative defense of entrapment i. e., the government's inducement of the commission of a crime by one not predisposed to commit it the defendant has the initial burden of producing evidence himself (or of pointing to government evidence) that shows government involvement or inducement. United States v. Hill, 626 F.2d 1301 (5th Cir. 1980); United States v. Gonzales, 606 F.2d 70 (5th Cir. 1979). The nature of the required showing has been described as "some evidence, but more than a scintilla, that (he was) induced to commit the offense." United States v. Groessel, 440 F.2d 602, 606, (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 403 U.S. 933, 91 S.Ct. 2263, 29 L.Ed.2d 713 (1971). See also United States v. Gonzales, 606 F.2d 70 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Wolffs, 594 F.2d 77 (5th Cir. 1979).

The sufficiency of the defendant's evidence of governmental involvement is a question of law for the court in the first instance, not for the jury; although once the defendant has sustained this burden, the issue of entrapment is a question of fact for the jury. United States v. Wolffs, supra; United States v. Buckley, 586 F.2d 498 (5th Cir. 1978).

For purposes of determining the sufficiency of the evidence to raise the jury issue, the testimony most favorable to the defendant should be accepted. United States v. Hill, supra, 626 F.2d at 1304, and United States v. Wolffs, supra, 594 F.2d at 80.

The defendant thus is not entitled to have the jury consider a defense of entrapment unless he produces some evidence, but more than a scintilla, that raises the issue of inducement by the government that he commit the offense without predisposition to do so. Under this test, the government's evidence is not sufficient to raise the issue of entrapment.

The government's substantive case proved the three transactions charged by the testimony of five drug officers, two of whom had purchased cocaine and the others of whom had conducted surveillance of the transactions. The defendant Reyes himself did not testify. Neither he nor the government called as a witness Pacheco, a confidential informer, who was a friend of Reyes and also a key intermediary in arranging at least the first transaction. (At that time, he first introduced Reyes to an undercover police officer (Barron), who made the first purchase of cocaine from Reyes and participated in the two subsequent purchases.)

The evidence at the trial, at most, shows that the governmental informant Pacheco arranged for his friend, the defendant Reyes, to meet with a willing buyer (Barron), who was a governmental agent, and that Barron and the other agent-purchaser were willing buyers. However, Reyes himself was a willing seller, who appeared at the first two meetings to meet a prospective buyer of drugs, and who (when approached at his home by the undercover agents on the third occasion) was a willing and extremely cooperative seller, telling them to return in two hours for the cocaine.

The evidence shows that the government furnished Reyes the opportunity to sell its agents...