U.S. v. Figueroa

• Decision Date: 26 May 2011
• Docket Number: Docket Nos. 10–2050–cr(L); 10–2051–cr(CON).
• Citation: 647 F.3d 466
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Bayron David FIGUEROA, a.k.a. David Bayron Figueroa, Jonathan Acebedo–Garcia, Defendants–Appellants,Fabian Enrique Alvarado–Ayala, a.k.a. Fabian Alvarado, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

647 F.3d 466

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,

v.Bayron David FIGUEROA, a.k.a. David Bayron Figueroa, Jonathan Acebedo–Garcia, Defendants–Appellants,Fabian Enrique Alvarado–Ayala, a.k.a. Fabian Alvarado, Defendant.

Docket Nos. 10–2050–cr(L); 10–2051–cr(CON).

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Submitted: May 19, 2011.Decided: May 26, 2011.

Timothy Austin, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Molly Corbett, on the brief), for Alexander Bunin, Federal Public Defender for the Northern District of New York, Albany, NY, for Defendant–Appellant Bayron David Figueroa.Brendan White, White & White, New York, NY, for Defendant–Appellant Jonathan Acebedo–Garcia.Rajit S. Dosanjh, Assistant United States Attorney (Daniel C. Gardner, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Richard S. Hartunian, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY, for Appellee United States of America.Before: MINER, CABRANES, and STRAUB, Circuit Judges.JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

The question presented is whether the District Court engaged in clearly erroneous fact-finding that led to a procedurally unreasonable sentence when it determined that the controlled substance referenced in the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.,” “Sentencing Guidelines,” or “Guidelines”) that is most closely related to the mixture found in defendants' possession—which included N–Benzylpiperazine (“BZP”) and trace amounts of methamphetamine, 3, 4–Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“MDMA”), caffeine, procaine, and 3–Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (“TFMPP”)—is MDMA, or “ecstasy.”

Defendants-appellants Bayron David Figueroa and Jonathan Acebedo–Garcia appeal from May 17, 2010 judgments of conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Glenn T. Suddaby, Judge ). ¹ In a non-precedential order filed simultaneously herewith we affirm the orders of the District Court denying defendants' motions to suppress and affirm the District Court's judgments of conviction. In this opinion, we now also hold that there is insufficient evidence in the record to conclude that the appropriate substitute under the Sentencing Guidelines for the mixture contained in the pills found in defendants' possession is MDMA. The cause is therefore remanded with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the composition of the pills for the purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1.

Background

In February 2009, approximately 23,000 blue and white pills were found in defendants' possession during the search of their vehicle following a traffic stop in upstate New York. The pills, which tested positive for characteristics of ecstasy in the field, were later verified at a Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) laboratory to be comprised of BZP, along with “unmeasurable” amounts of methamphetamine, MDMA, caffeine, procaine, and TFMPP. A small fraction of the pills contained only BZP and “unmeasurable” amounts of MDMA and caffeine. In January 2010, after the District Court denied defendants' motions to suppress evidence—including the pills—obtained during the search of their vehicle, defendants pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute a mixture of MDMA, methamphetamine, and BZP in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C) and 21 U.S.C. § 846.

Because BZP is a “controlled substance that is not specifically referenced” in the Guidelines, the United States Probation Office (“Probation Office”) calculated defendants' base offense level by using the “the marihuana equivalency of the most closely related controlled substance referenced in” the Sentencing Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 5. After concluding that “BZP is designed to mimic the psychoactive effects of MDMA,” the Probation Office recommended, in its Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) for each of the defendants whose appeal is now before us, a base offense level using the marijuana equivalency for MDMA under § 2D1.1.

At sentencing, the parties disputed whether the appropriate substitute under § 2D1.1 for the mixture found in defendants' possession is MDMA. The government argued that

the chemical possessed by the Defendant (BZP mixed with [TFMPP] ) is most closely related to MDMA because it has a substantially similar effect on the central nervous system. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Forensic Laboratory in New York City, BZP is mixed with TFMPP for the specific purpose of mimicking the effects of MDMA. While BZP by itself is not necessarily sufficient, the mixture of the two chemicals together causes an effect on the central nervous system similar to MDMA. TFMPP slows the metabolization of BZP causing the effects of BZP to be more potent and last longer. According to the DEA, the BZP/TFMPP is being sold by drug traffickers as MDMA at the same price and by the same name, “ecstasy.”

Rebuttal Sentencing Memo. of the United States 2 (May 13, 2010). Figueroa, in turn, argued, see note 1 ante, that the “the only measurable controlled substance in the pills was [BZP],” and that because the government had conceded that BZP by itself is not necessarily sufficient to cause an effect on the central nervous system similar to MDMA, the government had failed to meet its burden of establishing that MDMA is the correct substitute for BZP under the Guidelines. Sentencing Memo. in Reply to the Government's Rebuttal Sentencing Memo. 2 (May 14, 2010). Figueroa also requested an evidentiary hearing to evaluate the underlying information in the DEA laboratory report and specifically to consider whether BZP alone or with trace quantities of other drugs—as opposed to the combination of BZP and TFMPP—should be treated as MDMA for the purposes of determining the most closely related substance under the Guidelines. Transcript of Sentencing Proceeding at 13–14, United States v. Figueroa, 09–cr–145 (N.D.N.Y. May, 21 2010).

The District Court concluded that no evidentiary hearing was necessary to credit the DEA lab reports. Id. Moreover, the District Court observed that the fact that BZP and MDMA are “treated as interchangeable drugs” on “the street” was a sufficient basis upon which to conclude that the Probation Office's calculation was appropriate for BZP in the absence of TFMPP. Accordingly, the District Court denied Figueroa's request for an evidentiary hearing and sentenced him principally to a term of imprisonment of 63 months, which was within the Guidelines range.² Figueroa filed a timely notice of appeal.

On appeal, defendants argue that the District Court engaged in clearly erroneous fact-finding that led to a procedurally unreasonable sentence when it determined that the controlled substance referenced in the Sentencing Guidelines most closely related to the mixture found in the pills in defendants' van is MDMA.

Discussion

We review a criminal sentence for “unreasonableness,” which “amounts to review for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 187 (2d Cir.2008) (in banc) (quotation marks omitted); see also Sims v. Blot, 534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir.2008) (explaining “abuse of discretion”). “Reasonableness review requires an examination of the length of the sentence (substantive reasonableness) as well as the procedure employed in arriving at the sentence (procedural reasonableness).” United States v. Johnson, 567 F.3d 40, 51 (2d Cir.2009). “Procedural error includes, among other things, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts.” United States v. DeSilva, 613 F.3d 352, 356 (2d Cir.2010) (quotation marks omitted).

As we recently held in United States v. Chowdhury, a determination by a district court that the combination of BZP and TFMPP is most closely related to MDMA for the purposes of determining the appropriate marijuana equivalency under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 is not clearly erroneous. 639 F.3d 583, 586–87 (2d Cir.2011). However, as the government recognized in its sentencing memorandum in this case, the holding in Chowdhury was premised on the fact that BZP— when combined with TFMPP—is most closely related to MDMA pursuant to the three-factor inquiry prescribed by § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 5. Id. at 585–86 (noting, among other things, that the combination of BZP and TFMPP is sold on the street as MDMA because those substances, when combined, “mimic[ ] the effects of MDMA on the central nervous system” (quotation marks and alteration omitted)). Chowdhury, on the other hand, does not stand for the proposition that MDMA is the proper substitute for BZP alone. See id. at 587 (“[T]he substance in Chowdhury's possession was not BZP alone, but a combination of BZP—TFMPP that ‘is sold as MDMA, promoted as an alternative to MDMA and is targeted to the youth population.’ ” (quoting Schedules of Controlled Substances, 69 Fed.Reg. 12794–01, 12795 (Mar. 18, 2004))). Indeed, United States v. Beckley, 715 F.Supp.2d 743, 748 (E.D.Mich.2010), and United States v. Rose, 722 F.Supp.2d 1286, 1289 (M.D.Ala.2010)-both of which we cited in Chowdhury—state that the substance most closely related to BZP in isolation is amphetamine, not MDMA. See Chowdhury, 639 F.3d at 586–87.

Here, unlike in Chowdhury, the record on appeal does not allow us to conclude that the pills found in defendants' van were a mixture of BZP and TFMPP containing a similar chemical structure to MDMA, designed to mimic the effects of MDMA, or containing a similar potency to MDMA. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 5 (reviewing the factors the court must take into account to the extent practical in determining the most closely related substance under the Guidelines). Instead, the record appears to indicate that the substance was almost exclusively composed of BZP, with “unmeasurable” amounts of caffeine, methamphetamine, procaine, TFMPP, and MDMA itself. Indeed, the PSR prepared by the Probation Office, which the District Court adopted for purposes of sentencing, did not reference TFMPP as one of the substances...