United States v. Moreno-Gonzalez

• Decision Date: 09 November 2011
• Docket Number: No. 10–40684.,10–40684.
• Citation: 662 F.3d 369
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. Jaime MORENO–GONZALEZ, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

662 F.3d 369

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.Jaime MORENO–GONZALEZ, Defendant–Appellant.

No. 10–40684.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Nov. 7, 2011.Revised Nov. 9, 2011.

Eileen K. Wilson (argued), Renata Ann Gowie, Asst. U.S. Atty., Houston, TX, for Plaintiff–Appellee.

Juan Luis Guerra, Jr. (argued), Millie Leone Thompson (argued), Guerra & Farah, P.L.L.C., Houston, TX, for Defendant–Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before WIENER, CLEMENT and ELROD, Circuit Judges.

EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:

Jaime Moreno–Gonzalez appeals his jury conviction for possession with the intent to distribute over 100 kilograms of marijuana based on insufficient evidence. Because there was sufficient evidence with which a jury could have convicted Moreno–Gonzalez, we AFFIRM his conviction.

FACTS

Moreno–Gonzalez drove a tractor-trailer from Mexico and entered the United States where he was stopped at a checkpoint in Falfurrias, Texas. As Moreno–Gonzalez approached the checkpoint, he “immediately” and “without [the border patrol agent] asking” told the agent that he was a U.S. citizen. Afterwards, Moreno–Gonzalez's brother, Cirilo Moreno–Gonzalez (“Cirilo”), who was lying down in the sleeper compartment of the tractor (i.e., the cabin area of the truck), “snuck his head out from the curtain” and handed the agent his permanent resident alien card. At some point, the agent asked Moreno–Gonzalez where he was going, and he responded that he was hauling produce to North Carolina.

While Moreno–Gonzalez was stopped at the checkpoint, a drug-detection dog alerted another border patrol agent to the presence of drugs in Moreno–Gonzalez's tractor-trailer. Moreno–Gonzalez consented to the agents' search of the trailer, and the vehicle was sent to a secondary inspection area. There, an X-ray of the truck revealed “anomalies” in the cargo, and the drug-detection dog again alerted to the truck. Moreno–Gonzalez consented to open the back of the trailer. Agents broke the seal of the trailer and discovered 112 bundles of marijuana inside boxes in the sealed compartment. The boxes only occupied one-eighth of the space in the trailer, and the trailer did not contain any other cargo. The total weight of the marijuana was 1,329.5 pounds (585.1 kilograms).

The agents also found $4,420 in cash on Moreno–Gonzalez's person—$900 in his wallet and two small bundles of cash, amounting to $3,520, wrapped with a rubber band in his pocket. Moreno–Gonzalez explained that one of the bundles of cash was for fuel. Additionally, the agents found two bills of lading in the cab of Moreno–Gonzalez's truck: one dated July 23, 2009 and one dated September 20, 2009. The first documented a shipment from Turner Enterprises, a business located at an address in McAllen, Texas, to Elite Coverall, a business located at an address in Chicago, Illinois. Both businesses and addresses were later found not to exist. The second bill of lading—the one for Moreno–Gonzalez's delivery—also stated that the shipment was coming from Turner Enterprises but that it was going to “QVC” in “Rocky Mount, North Carolina,” without specifying a ship-to address. Both bills of lading reflected the same bill of lading numbers and the same trailer numbers, although the seal numbers and the carrier names differed. Moreno–Gonzalez told the agents that the bills of lading were in the truck when he first entered it, but he was “familiar with them.”

Moreno–Gonzalez was arrested at the checkpoint and charged in an indictment with: (1) “knowingly and intentionally conspir[ing] ... to knowingly and intentionally possess with intent to distribute ... more than one thousand (1,000) kilograms of marihuana, that is, approximately one thousand seven hundred ninety-six (1,796) kilograms of marihuana, a Schedule 1 controlled substance” and (2) “knowingly and intentionally possess[ing] with intent to distribute ... more than one hundred (100) kilograms of marihuana, that is, approximately five hundred eighty five and one-tenth (585.1) kilograms of marihuana, a Schedule I controlled substance.” On March 25, 2010, a jury found Moreno–Gonzalez not guilty of the conspiracy charge but guilty of the possession charge. He now appeals his conviction for sufficiency of the evidence.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Our review of the sufficiency of the evidence is “highly deferential to the verdict.” United States v. Harris, 293 F.3d 863, 869 (5th Cir.2002). “[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); see United States v. Villarreal, 324 F.3d 319, 322 (5th Cir.2003). “The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, accepting all credibility choices and reasonable inferences made by the trier of fact which tend to support the verdict.” United States v. Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1030 (5th Cir.1997). We must ensure that our inquiry is “limited to whether the jury's verdict was reasonable, not whether we believe it to be correct.” United States v. Williams, 264 F.3d 561, 576 (5th Cir.2001). Finally, “[i]t is not necessary that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt.” United States v. Lage, 183 F.3d 374, 382 (5th Cir.1999), and any conflict in the evidence must be resolved in favor of the jury's verdict. United States v. Duncan, 919 F.2d 981, 990 (5th Cir.1990).

A large part of the defendant's argument on appeal revolves around the proper inferences and weight the jury is permitted to give to circumstantial evidence. With that in mind, it is important to highlight that our case law makes clear that the standard of review for sufficiency of circumstantial evidence is the same as it normally would be for direct evidence. See Lage, 183 F.3d at 382 (“This standard of review is the same regardless of whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial.”); see also United States v. Mergerson, 4 F.3d 337, 341 (5th Cir.1993).

DISCUSSION

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Although there was evidence presented to the jury which could have led it to either verdict, there was enough evidence presented for the jury to find Moreno–Gonzalez had the requisite mental state for the crime alleged. Since Moreno–Gonzalez is challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, it is his burden to demonstrate that the evidence, when reviewed in the light most favorable to the government, would not allow a rational jury to find every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. He has failed to meet that burden.

A. Quantity of Drugs

The sheer quantity of the drugs is one fact that a rational jury could have used to find the necessary knowledge on the part of Moreno–Gonzalez. The jury could have very rationally assumed, as the government argued, that a sophisticated drug operation, capable of transporting thousands of pounds of drugs, would not leave its product in the hands of an unwitting dupe. “[I]t is unreasonable to believe that [a driver] would have been entrusted with a large quantity of drugs without his knowledge.” United States v. Ramos–Garcia, 184 F.3d 463, 466 (5th Cir.1999).

Our precedent makes clear that the jury is allowed to infer knowledge based on the quantity of drugs involved, “as long as other evidence supports the inference.” United States v. Garcia–Flores, 246 F.3d 451, 455 (5th Cir.2001). We must therefore weigh other evidence supporting this inference. Once other evidence was presented which supports this inference, it was possible for the jury to conclude that the quantity of drugs was overwhelming enough to dispel any reasonable doubt.

B. False Bills of Lading

The jury heard evidence which showed not only that the bills of lading were suspicious, but also fraudulent. The defendant admitted to Agent Ramos that he was familiar with the bills although he had not composed them. The bills of lading were so erroneous that Moreno–Gonzalez could not have made a delivery to the locations listed on them. While the jury also heard testimony that it was not unusual for drivers to receive a change of location or more specific directions for delivery while en route, it is possible that they discounted that alternative given the other evidence presented. It is also possible that the jury thought, having looked at the bills of lading, that an innocent person would have been suspicious enough to inquire further before setting out on the journey.

The falsity of the bill of lading need not be enough to arouse an innocent person's suspicion. The question we must ask is whether or not the bills were so false that the jury deemed it unlikely that a drug operation would have left an innocent driver with those faulty bills of lading without the driver having knowledge of the true destination. It is entirely possible that in conjunction with the large quantities of drugs, the jury believed it was unlikely that a drug smuggler would leave an unwitting dupe to risk making a delivery to an unknown or non-existent destination, or risk having him get to the destination listed on the bill of lading, only to be turned away.

In other words, the jury could have inferred that because of the large quantity of drugs and the false bill of lading, the driver must have had knowledge of the drugs in the trailer, of the real final destination for delivery to the drug operation, and that the bill of lading was just a cover. As the prosecutor argued in his closing argument:

Where is he supposed to take that stuff? Not to QVC, not to North Carolina. He gets a call to take it somewhere else? If he doesn't know, is he going to do it or not? If you get a call saying, “Hey, you know what, I'm in South Carolina, or New Jersey, or Seattle,...