U.S. v. Troxler Hosiery Co., Inc., 78-1066

• Decision Date: 21 June 1982
• Docket Number: No. 78-1066,78-1066
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Petitioner, v. TROXLER HOSIERY CO., INC., Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

Page 934

681 F.2d 934

UNITED STATES of America, Petitioner, v. TROXLER HOSIERY CO., INC., Respondent.

No. 78-1066.

United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.

Argued May 27, 1982.

Decided June 21, 1982.

John R. Fleder, Washington, D. C. (J. Patrick Glynn, Gerald C. Kell, Robert B. Nicholson, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., on brief), for petitioner.

Edwin E. Boone, Jr., Robert C. Cone, J. Howard Coble, Greensboro, N. C., for respondent.

Before WINTER, Chief Judge, WIDENER, Circuit Judge, and WILKINS, ^* District Judge.

HARRISON L. WINTER, Chief Judge:

On February 16, 1982 we adjudged Troxler Hosiery Co., Inc., (Troxler) guilty of criminal contempt, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 401(3), for willfully disobeying an order of this court in a case styled United States v. Troxler Hosiery Co., Inc., 672 F.2d 365 (4 Cir. 1982). Briefly stated, the contempt was committed when, despite the knowledge of its attorney and its president, Robert Andrew Troxler, that our order filed February 6, 1978 and continued on March 8, 1978 prohibited Troxler from removing previously seized sleepwear from the Middle District of North Carolina, Troxler removed most, if not all, of the 9,773.66 dozen garments in violation of the order. We invited the government to make a recommendation with regard to punishment, giving Troxler the right to respond thereto and to request oral argument. The matter has been heard at Troxler's request, and the papers and arguments, both written and oral, thoroughly considered.

I.

Despite its request for a jury trial, Troxler was tried and found guilty of criminal contempt without the intervention of a jury, and we are met at the outset with the contention that our authority to punish for criminal contempt, unlimited by the terms of 18 U.S.C. § 401, is narrowly circumscribed by the failure to grant a jury trial.

The Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial ¹ applies to criminal contempt proceedings to the same extent that it does to any other criminal proceeding; "petty" contempts may be tried without a jury, but contemnors in serious contempt cases in the federal courts have a right to a jury trial. Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. 454, 475-476, 95 S.Ct. 2178, 2190, 45 L.Ed.2d 319 (1975).

One criterion for determining whether a criminal offense is serious is the intrinsic nature of the crime charged, regardless of the authorized punishment. See Callan v. Wilson, 127 U.S. 540, 555-557, 8 S.Ct. 1301, 1306-1307, 32 L.Ed. 223 (1888). But criminal contempt, in and of itself, or without regard to the punishment imposed, is not a serious offense. Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. at 476, 95 S.Ct. 2190.

A criminal offense may also be characterized in terms of the punishment imposed on the offender, and should be regarded as serious if the maximum authorized penalty for the offense is serious. See Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66, 68, 90 S.Ct. 1886, 1887, 26 L.Ed.2d 437 (1970). In cases in which the defendant is charged with criminal contempt for which no maximum penalty is prescribed by statute, the gravity of the offense and, therefore, the determination of whether the contemnor has a right to a jury trial must be determined according to the actual punishment imposed. Frank v. United States, 395 U.S. 147, 149, 89 S.Ct. 1503, 1505, 23 L.Ed.2d 162 (1969).

The Supreme Court has adopted a "bright line" test for determining whether a term of imprisonment imposed on a contemnor is serious or petty. If less than six months imprisonment is imposed, the contempt is deemed to be petty; if greater than six months, the contempt is serious. See Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. at 476, 95 S.Ct. at 2190. In adopting this rule, the Court relied on 18 U.S.C. § 1, which defines petty offenses as those for which the punishment is less than six months imprisonment or a fine of not more than $500, or both. Id. at 476-477, 95 S.Ct. at 2191. However, in Muniz, the Court refused to characterize a criminal contempt as serious where only fiscal sanctions were imposed, despite the fact that the fine imposed on a labor union was $10,000, thereby deciding that the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 1 with respect to the maximum permissible fine for a federal petty offense do not necessarily define petty and serious for Sixth Amendment purposes. In Muniz, the government argued that there is no constitutional right to a jury trial in any criminal contempt case when only a fine is imposed on a corporation or labor union. The Court did not reach that issue, but decided only that the fine of $10,000 imposed in the case at bar was not a "deprivation of such magnitude that a jury should have been interposed to guard against bias or mistake." Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. at 477, 95 S.Ct. at 2191. See also Musidor, B.V. v. Great American Screen, 658 F.2d 60, 66 (2 Cir. 1981) (authorizing a $10,000 fine against a corporation found guilty of criminal contempt despite the fact that jury trial had not been waived). ²

We therefore proceed on the premise that, notwithstanding the denial of a jury trial, we are limited in imposing a fine only to the extent that it is of such magnitude as to constitute a serious deprivation on Troxler. For the reasons, largely factual, which follow, we do not think that we stray into the prohibited area.

II.

The government asserts that Troxler could generate the funds to pay a fine of $100,000-$110,000 (the range of punishment that it recommends), without disruption of its ongoing business operations and therefore without serious hardship, by (1) realizing the net cash surrender value on certain life insurance policies on the life of its president in the amount of $8,000, (2) selling certain investment rental property having a value of approximately $90,000 after payment of an outstanding mortgage, and (3) selling the sleepwear, illegally removed from the Middle District of North Carolina and sent to Venezuela, for its cost ($61,085.44) plus the profit ($15,271.36) it has contracted to receive from its Venezuelan agent who is authorized to sell the goods.

Troxler vehemently contests its ability to pay such a fine. It claims that, as per its balance sheet, its liabilities exceed its assets, and it has incurred substantial operating losses, largely as a result of the purchase of the sleepwear, a part of which was seized, and the cost of money to finance the purchase over the last four years. ³ It does not seriously dispute, however, that its investment real property is carried on its books at original cost and that the present market value of the property is substantially in excess of that amount. Its balance sheet shows the cash surrender value of the life insurance in excess of policy loans in the amount of approximately $10,000. It is quite clear, also, that Troxler purchased the sleepwear at a time that it had full knowledge that the government considered it a health hazard, had previously banned it and might take legal action against such goods again.

Of the 29,890.75...