Estrella v. Brandt

Decision Date28 July 1982
Docket NumberNo. 81-5754,81-5754
Citation682 F.2d 814
PartiesBertha ESTRELLA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. George A. BRANDT, M.D., and French Hospital, Defendants-Appellees.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Manuel Hidalgo, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellant.

Michael A. Bell, Fidler & Bell, Riverside, Cal., Patty Mortl, Los Angeles, Cal., argued, for defendants-appellees; Mark A. Juhas, Harrington, Foxx Dubrow & Canter, Los Angeles, Cal., on brief.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before ELY, SCHROEDER and NORRIS, Circuit Judges.

ELY, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff Bertha Estrella appeals from summary judgment entered for defendants George A. Brandt, M.D., and French Hospital in this medical malpractice action. Because we conclude that the District Court erroneously interpreted the applicable statutes of limitations, Cal.Civ.Pro.Code §§ 340.5, 356, 364, we reverse.

I. FACTS

Plaintiff was admitted to French Hospital on May 27, 1977, suffering multiple complications of eclampsia related to her pregnancy. Her blood pressure was elevated, her extremities were swollen, and within an hour she convulsed. Six hours later she was transferred to Los Angeles County/USC Medical Center, where her baby was delivered by Caesarian section.

Between May 27 and June 8, 1977, plaintiff suffered a number of serious medical problems, most of which were resolved by the time of her discharge from the Medical Center on June 19, 1977. Plaintiff contends that sometime after June 19, 1977, she discovered she had suffered brain damage. Plaintiff, however, submitted no probative evidence in her summary judgment papers relating to the alleged brain damage.

Plaintiff served the requisite Notice of Intent to commence an action against defendants on April 21, 1980, and filed her complaint on September 9, 1980. She alleged negligence on the part of both defendants in their prenatal care of plaintiff between November 12, 1976, and May 27, 1977, which proximately caused her condition "to ripen into eclmapsia (sic), in turn causing plaintiff great pain of body and mind." Plaintiff's Complaint at 2.

Defendants moved to dismiss the action on November 24, 1980, on the basis that the complaint was barred by the three-year statute of limitations, Cal.Civ.Pro.Code § 340.5. The District Court, treating the motions as motions for summary judgment, denied summary judgment and held the complaint timely under Gomez v. Valley View Sanitorium, 87 Cal.App.3d 507, 151 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1978), the only reported California decision construing the applicable limitations sections. The court construed Gomez as allowing 180 days after the date of service of the Notice of Intent to Commence Action in which to file the complaint.

Defendants again moved for summary judgment on July 29, 1981, citing a new appellate decision, Braham v. Sorenson, 119 Cal.App.3d 367, 174 Cal.Rptr. 39 (1981), as support for their contention that plaintiff was allowed no more than three years plus 90 days after the date of injury in which to file the complaint. The District Court concluded that even though Braham conflicted with the earlier Gomez case, Braham set forth the better rule. Under Braham, the District Court concluded, if appreciable harm to plaintiff manifested itself before June 11, 1977, the complaint was untimely and thus barred. The court found that there was no genuine issue that appreciable harm had manifested itself before June 11, 1977, and it granted defendants' motions for summary judgment.

II. DISCUSSION

Plaintiff raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether summary judgment was improper because there existed a genuine issue as to plaintiff's "date of injury"; (2) whether the District Court erred in applying the Braham interpretation of the applicable California statutes of limitations; and (3) whether the District Court erred in applying the Braham rule retrospectively to this case. For purposes of our disposition we begin with the issue of statutory interpretation.

A. Interpreting the Applicable Statutes of Limitations

Three California appellate courts have now construed the meaning of the applicable statutes of limitations, whose conflicting provisions provide:

§ 340.5 In an action for injury or death against a health care provider based upon such person's alleged professional negligence, the time for the commencement of action shall be three years after the date of injury ....

§ 364 (a) No action based upon the health care provider's professional negligence may be commenced unless the defendant has been given at least 90 days' prior notice of the intention to commence the action.

(d) If the notice is served within 90 days of the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the time for the commencement of the action shall be extended 90 days from the service of the notice.

§ 356 ... When the commencement of an action is stayed by injunction or statutory prohibition, the time of the continuance of the injunction or prohibition is not part of the time limited for the commencement of the action.

In the earliest case, Gomez v. Valley View Sanitorium, 87 Cal.App.3d 507, 151 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1978), the court construed the sections to allow a plaintiff, if she gives the requisite notice within 90 days of the end of the original limitations period, a new limitations deadline of 180 days after notice is served:

Because Code of Civil Procedure section 364 prohibits the commencement of an action until 90 days have expired when a plaintiff serves the required notice of intention to commence it, that 90-day period must be excluded when calculating the applicable statute of limitations. Where section 364 also operates to extend the period of limitations because notice is served within 90 days of the expiration of the statute, the plaintiff is entitled to that extension (90 days under § 364(d) ) as well as the tolling of the statute during the 90 days plaintiff is prohibited from filing his action.

87 Cal.App.3d at 510, 151 Cal.Rptr. at 98 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). The Gomez court held that a complaint filed after the expiration of the original limitations period, and after the 90-day extension of section 364(d), was nevertheless timely because of the 90-day tolling period required by section 356.

In the next case, Braham v. Sorenson, 119 Cal.App.3d 367, 174 Cal.Rptr. 39 (1981), the court rejected the contention that plaintiff was entitled to more than 90 days after the expiration of the original limitations period. The court first construed sections 364(a) and 356 together as requiring a 90-day extension to the original limitations period in all cases in which a 90-day notice was required by section 364(a). 119 Cal.App.3d at 370-71, 174 Cal.Rptr. at 41. The court then declined to interpret section 364(d) as adding 90 days, or any other period, to the 90-day extension already construed. The court distinguished Gomez on the basis that the Gomez plaintiff did file within 90 days after the original limitations period expired. See 119 Cal.App.3d at 372-73, 174 Cal.Rptr. at 42-43.

Finally, in Banfield v. Sierra View Local District Hospital, 124 Cal.App.3d 444, 177 Cal.Rptr. 290 (1981), the Court of Appeal, after an extended discussion of the limitations provisions and the prior cases, concluded that the Braham construction was correct. The majority rejected the dissenter's argument that section 364(d) was rendered superfluous, concluding that the "Legislature enacted subdivision (d) to make clear that a plaintiff who is prohibited from filing suit against a health care provider for 90 days, will receive at least an additional 90 days within which to file suit." 124 Cal.App.3d at 460, 177 Cal.Rptr. at 298 (emphasis added). The majority and dissent agreed that the Gomez language relied upon by plaintiff was dictum, since the Gomez plaintiff had timely filed even under the Braham rule. See 124 Cal.App.3d at 458, 461, 466, 177 Cal.Rptr. at 297, 299, 302.

Under the Erie doctrine, a federal court sitting in diversity is not free to reject a state judicial rule of law merely because it has not received the sanction of the state's highest court, but it must ascertain from all available data what the state law is and apply it. West v. A. T. & T. Co., 311 U.S. 223, 236-37, 61 S.Ct. 179, 183-184, 85 L.Ed. 139 (1940). An intermediate state appellate court decision is a "datum for ascertaining state law which is not to be disregarded by a federal court unless it is convinced by other persuasive data that the highest court of the state would decide otherwise." Id. at 237, 61 S.Ct. at 183.

In this case the District Court, faced with conflicting appellate decisions concerning "a complex question of statutory interpretation," see Banfield, 124 Cal.App.3d at 462, 177 Cal.Rptr. at 300, decided that the Braham construction was "more logical and more in accord with the manifested legislative intent." IV Reporter's Transcript at 6. Considering the language of the statutes and California principles of statutory construction, however, we are convinced that the highest court of California would be compelled to adopt the interpretation advanced by plaintiff.

In Banfield, the only California decision that thoroughly discusses the problem of construing sections 364(a), 364(d), and 356, the majority reasoned that principles of statutory construction followed in People v. Ventura Refining Co., 204 Cal. 286, 268 P. 347 (1928), should apply: "When a statute is fairly susceptible of two constructions, one leading inevitably to mischief or absurdity and the other consisting of sound sense and wise policy, the former should be rejected and the latter adopted." Id. at 292, 268 P. at 350 (quoting In re Haines, 195 Cal. 605, 613, 234 P. 883, 885 (1925)). The Gomez construction, the court reasoned, engenders mischief by (1) rewarding the dilatory plaintiff-one who does not serve notice until...

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