Dunn v. Com.

• Citation: 689 S.W.2d 23
• Decision Date: 26 October 1984
• Docket Number: No. 84-CA-360-MR,84-CA-360-MR
• Parties: Frederick DUNN, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Kentucky

Page 23

689 S.W.2d 23

Frederick DUNN, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee.

No. 84-CA-360-MR.

Court of Appeals of Kentucky.

Oct. 26, 1984.

As Modified Nov. 9, 1984.

Rehearing Denied Dec. 21, 1984.

Discretionary Review Denied and

Opinion Ordered Published by

Supreme Court May 15, 1985.

Daniel T. Goyette, Jefferson District Public Defender, J. David Niehaus, Deputy Appellate Defender, Louisville, for appellant.

David L. Armstrong, Atty. Gen., Suzanne Guss, Asst. Atty. Gen., Frankfort, for appellee.

Before CLAYTON, LESTER and WHITE, JJ.

LESTER, Judge.

This is an appeal from a judgment entered upon a jury verdict finding appellant guilty of receiving stolen property valued in excess of $100. Pursuant to a plea of guilty to persistent felony offender, the sentence was enhanced to ten years imprisonment.

On January 19 and 20, 1984, Harvey Copeland lived in an apartment directly above one occupied by Barbara Fisher on Gardiner Lane in Louisville. On the morning of the 19th, Copeland heard some noise emanating from the quarters below him and, knowing Fisher was normally at work at that hour, looked out the window. From his vantage point, Copeland observed a blue station wagon bearing the words "Community Taxi" and a man placing an object in the vehicle, the article being covered by a green army jacket. The upstairs tenant wrote down the license number and called the police. Upon arrival, the officer got a further description of the station wagon and he also learned that two to three black men were involved, two of whom were wearing green army field jackets. A police radio "pickup" was issued.

Barbara Fisher was notified at her place of employment about 10:00 A.M. on the morning of the break-in and she went directly to her apartment, wherein she found a number of items missing, including jewelry, and she notified police. Although the appellant would have us believe otherwise, Fisher advised the police of the missing items on the 19th because they had already been listed on a report which the apprehending officer read on the morning of the 20th before he arrested appellant.

At approximately 8:00 A.M. on January 20, Detective Jose Fernandez, while on Brownsboro Road, observed the subject station wagon containing three black males, the driver of which, Chester Smith, originally a codefendant in this case, the officer recognized. Smith was wearing a green army field jacket. Backup officers were called, one of whom was Patrolwoman Bonnie Wintergerst. The vehicle having been stopped and the backup unit on the scene, Officer Wintergerst thereupon ordered appellant Dunn from the back seat and, after observing a bulge in his pocket, patted him down. This frisk resulted in the officer finding the jewelry, discussed above.

Without extensive elaboration, the sequence of events that followed the foregoing were that the three suspects were taken to the police station; advised of their rights and interrogated. Dunn denied participation in the theft but admitted helping in disposing of the items; and, after consultation with the other two suspects, appellant agreed to take the police to his apartment to recover articles stolen in other burglaries. Dunn, Geno Robinson, a co-suspect, and Detective Fernandez went to the dwelling and at that point appellant went about the apartment, picked up the property, and gave it to the police. There was no search, in the traditional sense, made by the officer. In the meantime, Fisher had gone to the station and identified her belongings.

A suppression hearing was held whereat the appellant objected to the stopping of the vehicle, the pat-down search and admission of the fruits thereof, the jewelry, the search of the apartment and certain oral and written statements made by Dunn. Only the oral statement was determined to be inadmissible. At the trial, the co-suspects testified against Dunn.

On appeal, complaint is made of the errors allegedly resulting from the suppression hearing in that Dunn's arrest, the search of appellant and seizure of the jewelry and the refusal to suppress the written statement of appellant were improper, the search of Dunn's apartment was based upon involuntary consent, and a mistrial should have been declared because of certain remarks made by the prosecutor in opening statement.

We address the arrest of Dunn first. Appellant admits that all the events through the stopping of the station wagon were proper but then argues that there was no probable cause to arrest Dunn because:

Fernandez and Wintergerst could not have known any jewelry was stolen.

At the time of the stop Dunn was not connected to the crime.

Even though jewelry was found in Dunn's pocket it could not be connected with the burglary.

Barbara Fisher didn't know the jewelry was stolen until the afternoon of the 20th.

Based upon the foregoing, it is urged that even a short term detention or investigative stop was illegal within the confines of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972), and Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 101 S.Ct. 2587, 69 L.Ed.2d 340 (1981). We cannot accept the argument for it is based upon what appellant perceives the facts to be, not what the record shows.

In the first place, the police were aware that the suspects could have been three in number rather than two as of the 19th. Barbara Fisher reported jewelry stolen on the 19th and not the 20th, for prior to the stop (about 8:00 A.M. on the 20th), Detective Fernandez read about the loss of jewelry on a report. What appellant wants us to believe is that since Fisher did not identify the recovered jewelry until the afternoon of the 20th, she did not report its loss until that time. The record does not support his interpretation of the facts.

It is obvious from the appellant's view of the facts that he does not agree with our interpretation thereof but we need not fashion a different perspective in order to find the trial court correct in its suppression hearing order. We say this based upon what Dunn admits as true. Even though appellant does not deny that the witness Copeland initially told the police that there could have been three suspects at the scene of the burglary, he contents himself with pointing out that rudimentary descriptions of two were given. He does not dispute the description of the vehicle and agrees that there was ample justification for the actions of the law enforcement agents up to the point of stopping the station wagon on January 20th. Thereafter, Dunn emphasizes lack of probable cause. We now turn to the legal principles.

What disturbs most criminal defendants and their representatives is that the so-called security from invasion of privacy of their persons, luggage, vehicles, shipping containers, etc. has been consistently liberalized, or eroded, if you will, with the exception of private residences. Even this last category has come under closer scrutiny recently. The pendulum of conservatism in criminal jurisprudence started in its present direction with Terry, supra, and continues to swing in Massachusetts v. Sheppard, 468 U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 3424, 82 L.Ed.2d 737 (1984). The many recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court have revamped the principles of search and seizure law, and, as applicable to this case, have reaffirmed some older ones. In Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1045, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 3478, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201, 1217, (1983), the Supreme Court in discussing Terry said:

Examining the reasonableness of the officer's conduct in Terry, we held that there is "no ready test for determining reasonableness other than by balancing the need to search [or seize] against the invasion which the search [or seizure] entails." 392 US, at 21, 20 L Ed 2d 889, 88 S Ct 1868 [at 1879], 44 Ohio Ops 2d 383 (quoting Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 US 523, 536-537, 18 L Ed 2d 930, 87 S Ct 1727 [1734-1735] (1967)). Although the conduct of the officer in Terry involved a "severe, though brief, intrusion upon cherished personal security," 392 US, at 24-25, 20 L Ed 2d 889, 88 S Ct 1868 [at 1882], 44 Ohio Ops 2d 383, we found that the conduct was reasonable when we weighed the interest of the individual against the legitimate interest in "crime prevention and detection," id., at 22, 20 L Ed 2d 889, 88 S Ct 1868 [at 1880], 44 Ohio Ops 2d 383, and the "need for law enforcement officers to protect themselves and other prospective victims of violence in situations where they lack probable cause for an arrest." Id., at 24, 20 L Ed 2d 889, 88 S Ct 1868 [at 1881], 44 Ohio Ops 2d 383. When the officer has a reasonable belief "that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or to others, it would appear to be clearly unreasonable to deny the officer the power to take necessary measures to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm." Ibid.

Although Terry itself involved the stop and subsequent pat-down search of a person, we were careful to note that "[w]e need not develop at length in this case, however, the...