State v. Wolken

• Decision Date: 23 May 1985
• Docket Number: No. 50915-8,50915-8
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Raymond Owen WOLKEN and Cheri Roxanne Chavez, Petitioners.
• Court: Washington Supreme Court

Page 823

103 Wn.2d 823

700 P.2d 319

STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Raymond Owen WOLKEN and Cheri Roxanne Chavez, Petitioners.

No. 50915-8.

Supreme Court of Washington,

En Banc.

May 23, 1985.

Allen & Hansen, P.S., Richard Hansen, Jeffrey D. Cohen, Seattle, for petitioners.

Norman K. Maleng, King County Prosecutor, Deborah Phillips, Senior Deputy Prosecutor, Seattle, for respondent.

BRACHTENBACH, Justice.

Defendants appeal their convictions for possession of a controlled substance. We affirm.

The major issue is what preliminary showing is required during an in camera examination so as to require disclosure of the confidential informant and so as to require further inquiry into the asserted material misrepresentations contained in the search warrant affidavit. Additional issues are whether the search warrant was facially valid and whether the conduct of the informant constituted governmental misconduct necessitating dismissal.

On April 30, 1982, Officer Purcell of the King County Police Department received a tip from a confidential informant that the defendants, Raymond O. Wolken and Cheri Roxanne Chavez, were growing marijuana in their Kirkland residence. On that same day Officer Purcell obtained a search warrant from a King County District Court Judge.

Officer Purcell's affidavit for the warrant recited that the informant stated that he had been in the residence on April 27 and 28, 1982, and observed marijuana plants, approximately 2 feet tall, being cultivated in the back bedroom with the use of halide grow lights and cardboard covered windows. The informant stated that he had previously provided information to Detective Patten of the county sheriff's office in Medford, Oregon. The affidavit additionally recited that when Officer Purcell contacted Detective Patten he was informed that the informant had been associated with Detective Patten for the past 3 months and had provided information which led to one arrest and seizure of marijuana. Also, the affidavit recited that Officer Purcell's attempt to determine the amount of electricity being consumed at the residence had failed because Puget Sound Power and Light Company had no record of the defendants' past consumption.

The search warrant was served at defendants' residence and marijuana and psilocybin mushrooms were found and seized. The defendants were later arrested and charged with possession of a controlled substance.

Prior to trial, Chavez and Wolken filed joint motions to compel disclosure of the informant, to dismiss the charges, or, in the alternative, to suppress the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant. They asserted that the only person admitted to their residence on April 27 and 28 was Robert Thorpe, an old acquaintance of Chavez's. Chavez asserted in her affidavit that Thorpe had forced his way into the Kirkland residence on both days and vandalized the house, threatened her, and forced his way into the back bedroom, which housed the marijuana plants. A friend of Chavez's, present on April 28, supported Chavez's assertions by affidavit.

One of the defendants' attorney stated in an affidavit that Thorpe called him and threatened to kill the defendants. The attorney also asserted that when he contacted Thorpe's probation officer in Oregon he was informed that Thorpe had been kidnapped, in a drug-related incident, and in the subsequent trial of the kidnappers Thorpe had denied the kidnapping had occurred.

At the initial hearing on their motions, the defense asserted that Thorpe was the confidential informant. It was argued that the fruits of the search should be suppressed because Officer Purcell had failed to corroborate the informant's information and had misled the magistrate regarding the informant's criminal history, his reliability, and his relationship with the defendants. The motion for dismissal was based on the assertion that the informant was acting as an agent of the police at the time he entered the residence. The motion for disclosure and production of the informant was based on the assertion that the informant would reveal the lack of disclosure by the affiant in the search warrant.

The trial court ordered an in camera examination of the affiant, Officer Purcell, without the presence of the defendants or their counsel. The contents of this hearing were sealed. Thereafter, the trial court denied the defense motions in their entirety.

To determine the facial validity of the search warrant we turn to the 2-pronged test set forth in Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969) and Aguilar v. Texas, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 378 U.S. 108, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964), our adherence to which we recently reaffirmed in State v. Jackson, 102 Wash.2d 432, 688 P.2d 136 (1984). For an informant's tip, as detailed in an affidavit, to create probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant the officer's affidavit must (1) set forth some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant drew his conclusions so that a magistrate can independently evaluate the reliability of the manner in which the informant acquired his information; and (2) set forth some of the underlying circumstances from which the officer concluded that the informant was credible and his information reliable. Aguilar, 378 U.S. at 114, 84 S.Ct. at 1514; Spinelli, 393 U.S. at 413, 89 S.Ct. at 587; Jackson, at 435, 688 P.2d 136. Both prongs must be satisfied.

The first "basis of knowledge" prong is satisfied here because the affidavit states that the informant claimed to have personally viewed the marijuana in some detail and was passing on firsthand information. Jackson, at 437, 688 P.2d 136; 1 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 3.3(d) (1978). The second "veracity and reliability" prong is satisfied because the affiant sets forth in the affidavit the information about the confidential informant's reliable "track record" in Oregon. Jackson, at 437, 688 P.2d 136. In this case, where the affidavit was sufficient to satisfy both prongs of the Aguilar-Spinelli test, independent corroboration by Officer Purcell was unnecessary. Jackson, at 438, 688 P.2d 136; 1 W. LaFave § 3.3(f). The search warrant affidavit was facially valid.

To determine the validity of the content of the search warrant we turn to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978) and the line of cases which interpret and apply it to various search warrant situations.

The court in Franks v. Delaware, supra, held that an accused may challenge the veracity of factual allegations made in a facially valid search warrant affidavit. Although there is a presumption of validity with respect to the affidavit, an evidentiary hearing is mandated when the defendant makes a preliminary showing that the affiant knowingly, intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth included in his affidavit a false statement that was necessary to the finding of probable cause. Franks, 438 U.S. at 155, 98 S.Ct. at 2676; State v. Haywood, 38 Wash.App. 117, 121, 684 P.2d 1337 (1984). The challenge must be to the representations of the affiant himself, not to those of the governmental informant. Franks, 438 U.S. at 171, 98 S.Ct. at 2684; State v. Mannhalt, 33 App. 696, 702, 658 P.2d 15 (1983).

The defendant in Franks challenged the affiant officer's description of his own observations. The Court, therefore, observed that "we need not decide, and we in no way predetermine, the difficult question whether a reviewing court must ever require the revelation of the identity of an informant once a substantial preliminary showing of falsity has been made." Franks, 438 U.S. at 170, 98 S.Ct. at 2684. The issue left open by Franks involves the conflict between the defendant's need to question the informant and the privilege of the government to withhold from disclosure the identity of police informers. State v. Cleppe, 96 Wash.2d 373, 635 P.2d 435 (1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 1006, 102 S.Ct. 2296, 73 L.Ed.2d 1300 (1982); RCW 5.60.060(5); CrR 4.7(f)(2).

In Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957), the United States Supreme Court recognized that the informer's privilege is not absolute and must yield where such disclosure is relevant and helpful to an accused and essential to a fair trial. In McCray v. Illinois, 386 U.S. 300, 87 S.Ct. 1056, 18 L.Ed.2d 62, reh'g denied, 386 U.S. 1042, 87 S.Ct. 1474, 18 L.Ed.2d 616 (1967), the Court rejected the contention that an accused has a constitutional right to disclosure of an informant who supplied information bearing solely on the issue of probable cause. However, McCray did...