U.S. v. State of Or.

• Decision Date: 12 October 1983
• Docket Number: Nos. 82-3556,82-3604,s. 82-3556
• Citation: 718 F.2d 299
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STATE OF OREGON and State of Washington, Defendants-Appellants, and Confederated Tribes of the Warm Spring Reservation, et al., Plaintiffs-Intervenors-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 299

718 F.2d 299

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STATE OF OREGON and State of Washington, Defendants-Appellants and Confederated Tribes of the Warm Spring Reservation, et al Plaintiffs-Intervenors-Appellees.

Nos. 82-3556, 82-3604

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted July 6, 1983.

Decided Oct. 12, 1983.

Maria A. Iizuka, Dirk D. Snel, Dept. of Justice, Carol E. Dinkins, Asst. Atty. Gen., Washington, D.C., Charles H. Turner, U.S. Atty., George D. Dysart, Dept. of Justice, Portland, Or., for U.S.

Howard G. Arnett, Johnson, Marceau, Karnopp & Petersen, Bend, Or., Tim Weaver, Hovis, Cockrill, Weaver & Bjur, Yakima, Wash., for intervenor.

Dave Frohnmayer, Atty. Gen., Stanton F. Long, Deputy Atty. Gen., William F. Gary, Sol. Gen., Mary J. Deits, Asst. Atty. Gen., Salem, Or., for State of Or.

Kenneth O. Eikenberry, Atty. Gen., James M. Johnson, Sr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Dennis D. Reynolds, Asst. Atty. Gen., Olympia, Wash., for State of Wash.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon.

Before SNEED, FARRIS, and CANBY, Circuit Judges.

SNEED, Circuit Judge:

The State of Oregon and the State of Washington bring this appeal from a now-expired preliminary injunction. The district court issued the injunction to allocate chinook salmon among treaty and nontreaty fishermen for the fall 1982 salmon run on the Columbia River. Although the parties seek to employ this appeal as the means by which a number of issues important to the management of the river fishery can be resolved, we decline to proceed entirely as the parties wish. Nonetheless, we are convinced that the expiration of the preliminary injunction does not moot this appeal. Approached in the fashion hereinafter indicated, we affirm the action of the district court.

I. MATTERS IN DISPUTE

At issue is the right to take, and the need to protect and enhance, two types of fall chinooks, hatchery fish and the more desirable but vanishing wild salmon (brights). The hatchery fish are bred in the lower river, migrate to the ocean, and then return to the hatcheries. These fish, which do not spawn, exist in relative abundance. The brights, on the other hand, are born further upriver and return there to spawn and die. Less than half of those reentering the river reach their spawning grounds. The survival of the species is measured at any point in the river by the escapement, or number of fish passing that point. The parties agree that the escapement of brights in 1982 was dangerously low.

The disputes of the parties are not without antecedents. ¹ The parties previously voluntarily agreed that nontreaty fishermen will fish in Zones 1-5, which comprise the lower 141 miles of the river and contain both hatchery fish and brights, and that treaty fishermen will use the 130-mile Zone 6, the upper half of the river. The upper two pools in Zone 6 contain only brights, but both hatchery fish and brights can be caught in the lowest pool of Zone 6.

The district court has had jurisdiction over the case since 1969. Some of the disputes were settled when the district court ordered the parties to formulate the Columbia River Management Plan. After the parties formulated the Plan the district court adopted it. The Plan allows inriver harvesting on a 60% treaty--40% nontreaty The disagreements over the fall 1982 allocations, out of which this suit arises, began in August 1982, when the Compact determined that the run of brights would be unacceptably low. The Compact restricted treaty and nontreaty fishing, allowing treaty fishermen five days of fishing in the bottom 21.6 miles of Zone 6, plus a week's fishing at one hatchery. The tribes were unhappy because they desired to fish all of Zone 6. As a result, they brought suit in the district court. The court decided that the restrictions on treaty fishing infringed a treaty right to fish at "usual and accustomed places" and was not necessary for perpetuation of brights. The court issued a temporary restraining order, later converted to a preliminary injunction, ordering two days of treaty fishing throughout Zone 6 and four days in the 21.6 mile pool. No changes of relevance to this appeal were made in nontreaty fishing.

basis ² once the Bonneville Dam escapement exceeds 100,000 fish. The Plan does not establish fishing locations, times, or quotas. The States regulate such details through the Columbia River Compact, an interstate agency which controls commercial fishing on the river.

The States appealed. Initially, we must determine whether the appeal has been mooted by expiration of the 1982 fishing season. Second, we must decide whether the district court erred in altering the fishing season to restore some of the tribes' "usual and accustomed places" of fishing. Finally, we must confront whether the district court's calculation of the deficit in the Indian share is clearly erroneous. We turn first to the mootness question.

II. THE APPEAL IS NOT MOOT

A case is moot if the reviewing court can no longer grant effective relief. Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653, 16 S.Ct. 132, 133, 40 L.Ed. 293 (1895); In re Combined Metals Reduction Co., 557 F.2d 179, 187-89 (9th Cir.1977). This customary description of mootness has reduced significance to litigation such as this which is but part of extensive ongoing judicial oversight of a continuous activity. What is decided in one proceeding in such litigation will impact on future, and perhaps even on past, proceedings. Even a failure to decide may cause significant reverberations. Moreover, even when the termination of litigation can be foreseen to be reasonably proximate to its commencement, it is said an exception to the mootness doctrine applies when the claim for relief is "capable of repetition, yet evading review" and the complaining party is likely to be subject to the same harm. Weinstein v. Bradford, 423 U.S. 147, 149, 96 S.Ct. 347, 349, 46 L.Ed.2d 350 (1975) (per curiam); Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219 U.S. 498, 514-16, 31 S.Ct. 279, 283-84, 55 L.Ed. 310 (1911).

Without regard to whether the staying hand of mootness should be relaxed in "oversight litigation," the exception certainly applies to this case. Because the difficulty of forecasting the run of fish forces the district court to issue its orders as close as possible to the start of the fishing season, and because this conflict is certain to continue, the dispute over the allocation of fish can easily recur, yet evade review, between the same complaining parties. See United States v. Oregon, 657 F.2d 1009, 1012 n. 7 (9th Cir.1982) (appeal of injunction not moot for "enduring" issues of tribal immunity and jurisdiction after fishing season expired). ³ The calculation of the deficit in the treaty fishermen's share also does not present a moot issue, because

the deficit will be carried over into future allocations. And there is no evidence in the record that these issues have been mooted by a new Plan. Thus we turn to the merits. ⁴

III. THE FISHING RIGHT AND CONSERVATION

The parties by their arguments have sought to array the interest in conservation against the tribe's right to fish in "all the accustomed places." What type of showing of necessity springing from the need to conserve the fishery, the parties ask, is required to justify a limitation, spatially or temporally, on the tribes' "right to fish in all the accustomed places?" The question is a legal one and thus is subject to de novo review even though raised on appeal from a preliminary injunction. California ex rel. Younger v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 516 F.2d 215, 217 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 868, 96 S.Ct. 131, 46 L.Ed.2d 97 (1975), cited in Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission v. National Football League, 634 F.2d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir.1980). ⁵

After extended reflection, however, we decline to attempt to resolve completely the broad question the parties pose. Our disposition will be considerably more narrow, addressing only certain aspects of the broader issue.

We begin by setting forth the common ground between the tribes and the States. All agree, as they must, that the tribes' fishing right encompasses access to traditional sites as well as a right to a fair share of the catch passing those sites. In ceding their territory to the United States, the tribes received a guarantee of the "right of taking fish, at all usual and accustomed places." As the district court held in Sohappy v. Smith, 302 F.Supp. 899, 911 (D.Or.1969), history of subsequent orders omitted:

the state cannot so manage the fishery that little or no harvestable portion of the run remains to reach the upper portions of the stream where the historic Indian places are mostly located.

....

....

[T]he protection of the treaty right to take fish at the Indians' usual and accustomed places must be an objective ... This decision was not appealed. See Sohappy v. Smith, 529 F.2d 570, 573 (9th Cir.1976) (per curiam). The Supreme Court also has recognized the geographical aspect of the treaty fishing right, see Puyallup Tribe v. Department of Game (Puyallup I), 391 U.S. 392, 398, 88 S.Ct. 1725, 1728, 20 L.Ed.2d 2689 (1968) ("The treaty right is in terms the right to fish 'at all usual and accustomed places.' ... The right to fish 'at all usual and accustomed' places may, of course, not be qualified by the State ...."), in addition to the guarantee of a proper quota of fish. ⁶

co-equal with the conservation of fish runs for other users.

The parties also recognize that conditions can exist that require some limitation on the tribes' right to fish "at all usual and accustomed places." Indeed the tribes have voluntarily accepted several restrictions. They fish only in Zone 6 and have not challenged the district court's limitation of four of their fishing days to the lower 21.6 miles of the 130-mile zone. In addition, the tribes do not quarrel with the restriction on the number of days they...