U.S. v. Bank of Celina

• Decision Date: 15 November 1983
• Docket Number: No. 82-5337,82-5337
• Citation: 721 F.2d 163
• Parties: 83-2 USTC P 9688 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BANK OF CELINA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 163

721 F.2d 163

83-2 USTC P 9688

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BANK OF CELINA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 82-5337.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

Argued July 26, 1983.

Decided Nov. 15, 1983.

Mark H. Westlake (argued), Ervin M. Entrekin, Tune, Entrekin & White, Nashville, Tenn., for defendant-appellant.

William H. Smith, Johanna M. Sabol, Michael F. Crotty, Washington, D.C., for amicus curiae American Bankers Ass'n.

Robert E. Rice, Carleton D. Powell (argued), Tax Div., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., Joe B. Brown, U.S. Atty., Robert J. Washko, Asst. U.S. Atty., Nashville, Tenn., Glenn L. Archer, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Dept. of Justice, Tax Div., Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before ENGEL, MARTIN and CONTIE, Circuit Judges.

CONTIE, Circuit Judge.

The Bank of Celina, the defendant, appeals from a district court judgment in favor of the United States in this action originally brought to foreclose on tax liens and to enforce a levy. The liens and levy had resulted from the failure of RBS Sportswear, Inc. (RBS), the taxpayer, to pay federal employment taxes. The district court held the Bank of Celina liable for not surrendering RBS property to which the government was entitled because of its tax liens. ¹ We affirm.

I.

RBS, a Tennessee corporation performing "cut and sew" work for various clothing manufacturers, began having difficulty meeting its federal employment tax obligations late in 1975. The Internal Revenue Service made assessments against the company for unpaid taxes on March 8, 1976 in the amount of $42,745.82, on March 28, 1977 in the amount of $33,623.84 and on May 16, 1977 in the amount of $9,126.33. The government properly filed notices of tax liens arising from these assessments on March 17, 1976, on April 27, 1977 and on June 10, 1977 respectively. ²

In February, 1977, approximately 11 months after the first tax lien had been filed, the bank and RBS agreed that the bank would periodically loan money to RBS so that the latter could meet its payroll. Each advance was to be secured by a security interest in an account receivable arising from a particular invoice or order. Most notes would be payable in 21 days. A financing statement was filed on March 7, 1977 in accordance with Tennessee law.

Between February 8, 1977 and July 1, 1977, RBS executed twenty separate notes totaling over $324,000. The bank obtained payment by three methods. Most frequently, the president of RBS would receive checks for accounts receivable and would endorse them to the bank. The amounts were then applied to the outstanding loans. Second, the bank received wire transfers directly from debtors of RBS and applied such amounts to the loans. Third, the bank "set-off" outstanding loan balances against the bank accounts of RBS.

Kerry Eads, the bank's Cashier, learned on July 13, 1977 that federal agents had padlocked the taxpayer's premises. Fearing a levy upon the monies which RBS had deposited with the bank, Eads directed on July 14 at 8:00 a.m. that the taxpayer's due and payable loans be set-off against the latter's bank accounts. ³ The set-offs totalled $10,010.97. The bank then received $9,445.48 in wire transfers which also were applied to the loan balances. Two and one-half hours later, the government served a notice of levy. Subsequent to this levy, the bank received payments from RBS or wire transfers from RBS customers in excess of $34,000.

The government contended before the district court that because its lien was prior to any interest held by the bank and that because the lien had attached to all RBS property in the bank's possession (i.e., the bank accounts and the proceeds of accounts receivable which were paid to the bank), the bank could not defeat the lien foreclosure action by setting off RBS assets which were subject to the lien. That the set-off of bank accounts and wire transfers occurred before the government served the notice of levy and that the set-off of post-levy payments occurred before the government filed its foreclosure action was said to be irrelevant. The bank admitted that it once held RBS property to which the lien had attached. It asserted, however, that exercising its right of set-off before the notice of levy and again before the filing of the lien foreclosure action eliminated the taxpayer's property interests in the pre-levy bank accounts and wire transfers and in the post-levy payments. As a result, the bank allegedly did not hold any of the taxpayer's property at either time that the government sought to enforce its lien. This fact was said to render the government's enforcement actions futile. In the alternative, the bank contended that the government's lien was invalid against it under 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6323(b)(1)(A). The district court ruled for the government and granted judgment in the amount of $56,316.98.

Before proceeding to the merits, an overview of the relevant federal statutes is in order. The federal tax lien arises when unpaid taxes are assessed and continues until the resulting liability is either satisfied or becomes unenforceable through lapse of time. 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6322. Congress provided for the tax lien in 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6321:

If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any ... additional amount, [or] addition to tax ...) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person.

One effect of a tax lien is that a third party possessing property or rights to property belonging to a taxpayer holds such property subject to the lien, unless the third party has a prior lien or comes within one of the exceptions listed in 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6323. Where several notices of tax lien have been filed as unpaid taxes accumulate, the priority of each lien relates back to the date of the first notice. 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6321; Peterson v. United States, 511 F.Supp. 250, 256-57 (D.Utah 1981). In the present case, therefore, the priority of the government's lien for all taxes owed by RBS relates back to March, 1976.

The government possesses multiple options for actually collecting unpaid taxes. One method is to levy "upon all property and rights to property ... belonging to [the taxpayer] or on which there is a lien...." 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6331(a). The levy extends only to the taxpayer's property that is possessed at the time of service. 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6331(b). The person holding such property must surrender it to the government upon demand, subject to an exception not relevant here. 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6332.

A second method available to the government is to bring a lien foreclosure suit pursuant to 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7403. Although a tax lien must exist in order to initiate such an action, the government need not have levied. Id. If property to which a tax lien has attached is held by a third party who also possesses a lien, the issue then becomes one of lien priority. Federal law controls priority disputes. See, e.g., Aquilino v. United States, 363 U.S. 509, 80 S.Ct. 1277, 4 L.Ed.2d 1365 (1960); United States v. Acri, 348 U.S. 211, 213, 75 S.Ct. 239, 241, 99 L.Ed. 264 (1955). Although the government levied in this case, it relies solely upon its lien to support its claim of entitlement to the monies which the bank applied to the RBS loan balances.

II.

Whether the bank possessed property or rights to property of RBS to which the tax lien originally could attach is a question of state law. The federal statutes under consideration create no property interests; they merely attach federally defined consequences to state created rights. Aquilino, 363 U.S. at 512-13, 80 S.Ct. at 1279-80; United States v. Durham Lumber Co., 363 U.S. 522, 524, 80 S.Ct. 1282, 1283, 4 L.Ed.2d 1371 (1960); United States v. Bess, 357 U.S. 51, 55, 78 S.Ct. 1054, 1057, 2 L.Ed.2d 1135 (1958). The bank correctly acknowledges that it once possessed RBS property to which the tax lien had attached. First of all, RBS deposited money in accounts at the bank. Tennessee law provides that a depositor becomes a creditor of the bank. Doughty-Stevens Co. v. Greene County Union Bank, 172 Tenn. 323, 330, 112 S.W.2d 13 (1938); Conquest v. Broadway National Bank, 134 Tenn. 17, 21, 183 S.W. 160 (1915). Although the funds in an account belong to the bank, the depositor, under certain circumstances, retains a right to withdraw the money. Accordingly, the bank was in possession of funds in which RBS had retained a state law property interest. The federal tax lien attached to this interest.

Secondly, RBS possessed accounts receivable which evidenced its entitlement to payment from customers. These receivables clearly were property or rights to property belonging to the company. Since the receivables in question arose not earlier than eleven months after the government filed notice of its lien, the receivables were encumbered with the lien from their inception. 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6321. The receivables in turn were transformed either into wire transfers from customers to the bank or checks from customers to RBS which were endorsed over to the bank. In either situation, the proceeds were impressed with the lien when the bank initially received them. As stated in Bess, 357 U.S. at 57, 78 S.Ct. at 1058:

The transfer of property subsequent to the attachment of the lien does not affect the lien, for "it is of the very nature and essence of a lien, that no matter into whose hands the property goes, it passes cum onere ...."

The bank contends, however, that at both times that the government actually sought to enforce its lien, the bank possessed none of the taxpayer's property. Specifically, the bank asserts that it extinguished any RBS property interests in the bank accounts and wire transfers which existed before the levy by setting off the accounts and applying the wire transfers to the loan balances. Any RBS property interests in the bank...