Pueblo Intern., Inc. v. DeCardona, 83-1421

• Decision Date: 26 January 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-1421,83-1421
• Parties: 1984-1 Trade Cases 65,844 PUEBLO INTERNATIONAL, INC., et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. Hector Reichard DE CARDONA, et al., Respondents, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 823

725 F.2d 823

1984-1 Trade Cases 65,844

PUEBLO INTERNATIONAL, INC., et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. Hector Reichard DE CARDONA, et al., Respondents, Appellees.

No. 83-1421.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Argued Nov. 8, 1983.

Decided Jan. 26, 1984.

Luis R. Davila-Colon, Hato Rey, P.R., for petitioner, appellant Jorge Luis Rodriguez Huertas.

Marisa Brugueras, Rio Piedras, P.R., for appellant League of Women Voters.

Andres Salas Soler, Rio Piedras, P.R., on brief for Pueblo Intern., Inc.

Robert H. Morse, Washington, D.C., with whom Gerardo Mariani, Asst. Sol. Gen., San Juan, P.R., Olga Boikess, Morris Garfinkle, and Galland, Kharasch, Calkins & Morse, P.C., Washington, D.C., were on brief, for respondents, appellees.

Before COFFIN, Circuit Judge, ROSENN, ^* Senior Circuit Judge, and BREYER, Circuit Judge.

BREYER, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs appeal from a district court order, 562 F.Supp. 843, removing their case against Puerto Rico officials from Commonwealth, to federal, court. We agreed to review this interlocutory order "not otherwise appealable" after having accepted the district court's certification that the order "involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal ... may materially advance ... the litigation ...." 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b).

Plaintiffs originally filed a complaint in Commonwealth court attacking the legality of the Commonwealth laws requiring certain businesses to close on Sundays and holidays and to limit their hours on Fridays and Saturdays. The complaint stated that these laws violate 1) the Commerce Clause, the Fourteenth Amendment, and various other parts of the federal Constitution; 2) various related parts of the Commonwealth Constitution; 3) the federal antitrust laws, 15 U.S.C. Secs. 1, 2; 4) Puerto Rico's antitrust laws, 10 L.P.R.A. Secs. 258, 260; 5) federal civil rights statutes, such as 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983; and 6) related Commonwealth civil rights statutes, such as 32 L.P.R.A. Sec. 3524. The complaint sought a declaratory judgment and an injunction against enforcing officials. The defendants removed the case to federal court pursuant to the federal removal statute, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1441. The federal district court then issued an order denying the plaintiffs' motion to remand the case to the Commonwealth courts.

The district court justified its refusal to remand by relying on 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1441(c), which allows a district court to remove an entire case "[w]henever a separate and independent claim or cause of action, which would be removable if sued upon alone, is joined with one or more otherwise nonremovable claims or causes of action...." Id. We have recently explored in detail the history of this subsection, which was enacted primarily with diversity cases in mind. Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. McCarthy, 708 F.2d 1 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 346, 78 L.Ed.2d 312 (1983). We need not reenter the thicket of intricate legal questions surrounding its application to federal question cases, like the present one, because there is a far less controversial statutory basis for removal, namely, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1441(b). On the basis of this provision, we affirm the district court's order. SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 88, 63 S.Ct. 454, 459, 87 L.Ed. 626 (1943) (decision of lower court must be affirmed if result is correct, whether or not reasoning is correct).

Section 1441(b) allows the removal of "[a]ny civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States ...." 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1441(b). It is well-settled that under this subsection pendent state claims may be removed along with genuine federal questions. Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. McCarthy, 708 F.2d at 4, 11; Brough v. United Steelworkers of America, 437 F.2d 748, 750 (1st Cir.1971); 14 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction Sec. 3722, at 572-73 (1976). Thus, we need consider only two questions: Does the complaint raise a genuine federal question? If so, is pendent jurisdiction over the Commonwealth claims appropriate?

The answer to the first question is evident. The complaint sets forth several removable questions. The elements of each federal claim appear on the face of the complaint itself. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Texaco Inc., 415 U.S. 125, 127-28, 94 S.Ct. 1002, 1003-04, 39 L.Ed.2d 209 (1974) (per curiam); Gully v. First National Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 113, 57 S.Ct. 96, 98, 81 L.Ed. 70 (1936); Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. McCarthy, 708 F.2d at 3. Each federal claim is disputed and could by itself warrant relief. See Gully v. First National Bank, 299 U.S. at 112, 57 S.Ct. at 97. And, most of the federal claims are not "so insubstantial, implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions ... or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy within the jurisdiction of the District Court." Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 543, 94 S.Ct. 1372, 1382, 39 L.Ed.2d 577 (1974) (quoting Oneida Indian Nation v. County of Oneida, 414 U.S. 661, 666, 94 S.Ct. 772, 777, 39 L.Ed.2d 73 (1974)); Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. McCarthy, 708 F.2d at 4; see Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 682-83, 66 S.Ct. 773, 776, 90 L.Ed. 939 (1946).

The answer to the second question is also 'yes.' A district court has the power to hear state claims linked to a federal claim by a "common nucleus of operative fact." United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 1138, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). The Commonwealth claims allege violations of provisions very similar to those contained in the federal Constitution and in federal statutes. The facts necessary to prove a violation of the one are practically the same as those needed to prove a violation of the other.

In deciding whether the district court should exercise its power to retain jurisdiction over the Commonwealth claims, we look to "considerations of judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to the litigants." Mayor of Philadelphia v. Educational Equality League, 415 U.S. 605, 627, 94 S.Ct. 1323, 1336, 39 L.Ed.2d 630 (1974) (quoting United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726, 86 S.Ct. at 1139). These factors strongly favor the assertion of the court's jurisdictional power here--to the point where, in keeping with the practical approach of Gibbs, we may simply affirm the district court's jurisdictional decision in favor of retention.

It is evident from the pleadings and the record that Commonwealth issues do not "substantially predominate." United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726, 86 S.Ct. at 1139. The related federal issues are significant (for the most part). The Commerce Clause claim involves the federal preemption doctrine, a factor weighing significantly in favor of retention. Id. at 727, 86 S.Ct. at 1139. And, we can find no litigation-related fact that--as a matter of economy, convenience, or fairness--would warrant splitting this litigation into two totally separate parts not subject to unified control.

Appellants argue against this conclusion on the ground that the district court should "abstain" from deciding the Commonwealth questions, allowing the Commonwealth courts to do so, and thereby possibly avoid deciding a question of federal constitutional law. Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 61 S.Ct. 643, 85 L.Ed. 971 (1941). This may be so. But the issue here is the appropriateness of deciding the abstention question now in a jurisdictional context. In our view, it does not make sense in this case to import "abstention" considerations into the discretionary "pendent jurisdiction" decision. For one thing, once the district court has removed the Commonwealth portion of the case, it can still abstain. Indeed, it can certify the Commonwealth questions to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico for resolution. Reyes-Cardona v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 694 F.2d 894, 897 (1st Cir.1982); Pan American Computer Corp. v. Data General Corp., 112 D.P.R. ----, 82 J.T.S. 78 (May 14, 1982); P.R.R.Civ.P. 53.1(c); P.R.Sup.Ct.R. 27. This method of securing the Commonwealth's views would seem preferable here to remanding to the lower Commonwealth courts, for it would provide a more authoritative Commonwealth view with greater expedition. See Bellotti v. Baird, 428 U.S. 132, 150-51, 96 S.Ct. 2857, 2867-68, 49 L.Ed.2d 844 (1976). For another thing, the district court expressly reserved the Pullman issue and the parties did not fully brief it on appeal. The district court should be given an opportunity to decide it before we do. Thus, we believe it inappropriate to decide the Pullman abstention issue in the context of a Sec. 1441(b) argument. In our view, the district court properly left the abstention issue for separate consideration.

Appellants make two other arguments against removal under Sec. 1441(b); but they are without merit. They point to a district court case, Salveson v. Western States Bankcard Association, 525 F.Supp. 566 (N.D.Cal.1981), where the court wrote that "where Congress has provided for concurrent jurisdiction in state and federal courts, the claim may be asserted in either court and removal on the basis of federal question jurisdiction is precluded." Id. at 573 (footnote omitted). This language would seem to refer to the situation in which Congress specifically states, in creating a federal claim, that it is enforceable in...