United States v. Hunter

• Decision Date: 28 October 2014
• Docket Number: No. 13–2452.,13–2452.
• Citation: 770 F.3d 740
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee v. Eric Michelle HUNTER, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

770 F.3d 740

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee

v.Eric Michelle HUNTER, Defendant–Appellant.

No. 13–2452.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: June 12, 2014.

Filed: Oct. 28, 2014.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Dec. 15, 2014.

Thomas C. Plunkett, argued, Saint Paul, MN, for Plaintiff–Appellee.

Thomas More Hollenhorst, AUSA, argued, Minneapolis, MN, for Defendant–Appellant.

Before LOKEN, BRIGHT, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.

Opinion

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

Following numerous controlled buys of various controlled substances, wiretap surveillance, and a warrant search of an apartment leased by Eric Michelle Hunter and Rikki Gilow, an indictment charged Hunter, Gilow, and Jerry Harvey with numerous federal offenses. Gilow and Harvey pleaded guilty. After a three-day trial, the jury convicted Hunter of conspiracy to distribute controlled substances; five counts of aiding and abetting distribution of controlled substances; one count of possession with intent to distribute heroin and a designer drug; two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm; one count of attempted witness tampering; and two counts of aiding and abetting the use and carrying of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The district court¹ sentenced Hunter to consecutive sentences of 60 months and life in prison for the § 924(c) convictions, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i), (C)(ii), and (D)(ii), and to two concurrent life terms and eight concurrent 240–month terms for the remaining offenses. Hunter appeals. We affirm.

I.

Hunter first argues the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence found during the July 2012 warrant search of his apartment. The warrant application was accompanied by an affidavit averring that a trained narcotics dog had “alerted to the presence of a controlled substance at the threshold” of Hunter's second floor apartment. Hunter's motion to suppress argued that the dog sniff violated the Fourth Amendment as subsequently construed by the Supreme Court in Florida v. Jardines, ––– U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 1409, 1417–18, 185 L.Ed.2d 495 (2013) (“use of trained police dogs to investigate the home and its immediate surroundings is a ‘search’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment”). The district court, adopting the Report and Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge Franklin Noel, rejected this contention, concluding that, even if the dog sniff was unlawful and the warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause without that evidence, contraband seized during the warrant search was admissible under the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule adopted in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922–23, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984). Hunter argues on appeal that his motion to suppress should have been granted based on the unconstitutional dog sniff.

We need not decide whether the dog sniff violated the Fourth Amendment as construed in Jardines because suppression of the evidence seized during the warrant search is foreclosed by our recent decision in United States v. Davis, 760 F.3d 901, 903–04 (8th Cir.2014). “Evidence obtained during a search conducted in reasonable reliance on binding precedent is not subject to the [Fourth Amendment] exclusionary rule.” Davis v. United States, ––– U.S. ––––, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 2429, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (2011). When the police dog sniffed outside the door to Hunter's apartment from a common hallway, binding Eighth Circuit precedent had established that a “sniff of the apartment door frame from a common hallway did not constitute a search subject to the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Scott, 610 F.3d 1009, 1015–16 (8th Cir.2010), cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––, 131 S.Ct. 964, 178 L.Ed.2d 794 (2011) ; see United States v. McGrane, 746 F.2d 632, 634–35 (8th Cir.1984), citing United States v. Eisler, 567 F.2d 814, 816 (8th Cir.1977). Because the officers in obtaining and executing the warrant reasonably relied on binding precedent confirmed in Scott, “the exclusionary rule did not apply to preclude use of [the drug dog's] evidence in the search warrant application,” and Hunter's motion to suppress was properly denied. Davis, 760 F.3d at 905.

II.

Hunter next claims he was denied a fair trial because of prosecutorial misconduct during examination of government witnesses and closing argument. To obtain relief on this ground, Hunter must show “(1) the prosecutor's remarks or conduct were improper, and (2) the remarks or conduct affected the defendant's substantial rights so as to deprive him of a fair trial.” United States v. New, 491 F.3d 369, 377 (8th Cir.2007). We determine whether the challenged conduct “deprived the defendant of a fair trial by examining the cumulative effect of the misconduct, the strength of the properly admitted evidence of the defendant's guilt, and any curative actions taken by the trial judge.” Id.

A. During the second day of trial, Officer Steven Stoler of the Burnsville Police Department described controlled purchases he had made while working undercover for the Dakota County Task Force. When he made one drug purchase from Gilow, Stoler testified, “Whitney Serie ... and I believe there was either one or two kids in the car” with Gilow. The prosecutor asked a further question about “persons selling drugs bringing other people with them, including children.” Defense counsel objected and, after a discussion off the record, the district court announced, “I have sustained an objection to any reference to children.”

Later that same day, while testifying to an undercover drug purchase from Hunter, Special Agent Almgren testified: “As we approached the Ford Explorer, [Hunter] told me to wait and he said, ‘while she gets the kids out.’ At that time, the driver, who I recognized as Whitney Serie, removed two small children from the back of the Ford Explorer.” Defense counsel objected; before the court ruled, the prosecutor said, “If we can confine your testimony to Serie, the defendant and Gilow.” Testimony proceeded, and the district court took up defense counsel's motion for a mistrial after the court dismissed the jury for the day. Counsel argued that two different witnesses had prejudiced Hunter's defense by making inflammatory references to children being present at the scene of drug deals. The district court denied a mistrial, explaining that testimony as to “who was present at the time of the transaction” was relevant, neither prosecutor had purposefully elicited testimony contrary to the court's ruling regarding children, and the agents' testimony was not so inflammatory “as to prejudice Mr. Hunter's right to a fair trial.” The court instructed the prosecutors “not to make any mention during closing arguments or any further proceedings ... of children.” No such references were made.

On appeal, Hunter argues that the prosecutors committed prejudicial misconduct when they “continued to push the presence of children forward after being told not to” by the district court. Like the district court, we conclude there was neither misconduct nor prejudice. The questions sought to elicit relevant testimony about who was present at sales of controlled substances. If a jury views taking children along to illegal drug transactions as prejudicial, that is not unfair prejudice. See United States v. Hester, 140 F.3d 753, 759 (8th Cir.1998). The district court nonetheless took prompt action to avoid undue prejudice by instructing government witnesses not to mention children when describing undercover drug purchases. The subsequent questioning of both agents did not violate that ruling. The substantial evidence of Hunter's guilt is relevant in deciding whether these limited references to children had a seriously prejudicial effect that denied Hunter a fair trial. See United States v. Hernandez, 779 F.2d 456, 461 (8th Cir.1985). There was no abuse of discretion in denying his mistrial motion. Cf. United States v. Davidson, 122 F.3d 531, 537–38 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1034, 118 S.Ct. 639, 139 L.Ed.2d 617 (1997).

B. Hunter argues the prosecutor prejudicially demeaned Hunter by referring to him during closing argument as a “big dog.” In describing the roles of Gilow and Hunter in the alleged conspiracy, the prosecutor argued:

Because there is this evolution of this case where for awhile it is maybe just Rikki Gilow just selling some drugs, right? But then the case—the case gets more serious, the big dogs come around. Special Agent Almgren, the big dog about selling guns, and this is when we see defendant really kind of coming out of the shadows. It's time for the big dogs to meet. And that's when, later on in this investigation, you can really see who defendant is and what his role is.

As Hunter did not object to this argument and did not move for a mistrial, we review this contention, if at all, for plain error. See United States v. Green, 560 F.3d 853, 859 (8th Cir.), cert. denied,558 U.S. 879, 130 S.Ct. 288, 175 L.Ed.2d 135 (2009). We find no plain error here. The prosecutor used the phrase “big dogs” to assert that Almgren was meeting a highranking member of the alleged conspiracy “about selling guns,” an inference supported by the evidence. Use of the phrase “big dogs” was not improper, much less plainly so, as there is no indication the jury understood the term as injecting social status or race into the case, as Hunter suggests on appeal. See United States v. Macklin, 104 F.3d 1046, 1049–50 & n. 5 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 891, 118 S.Ct. 229, 139 L.Ed.2d 161 (1997).

C . Finally, Hunter argues his trial defense was improperly disparaged when the prosecutor stated during closing argument, “Perhaps defendant's only real defense here could be an argument about the integrity of [the government's physical] evidence of those drugs” purchased by the undercover agents. The district court overruled defense counsel's cryptic objection, “improper argument.” The...