U.S. v. Kuespert, 84-3094

• Decision Date: 11 October 1985
• Docket Number: No. 84-3094,84-3094
• Citation: 773 F.2d 1066
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lee A. KUESPERT, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1066

773 F.2d 1066

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lee A. KUESPERT, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 84-3094.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Sept. 4, 1985.

Decided Oct. 11, 1985.

Sally R. Gustafson, Bill Glueck, Asst. U.S. Attys., Seattle, Wash., for plaintiff-appellee.

Sinsheimer & Meltzer, Inc., P.S., Ronald J. Meltzer, Seattle, Wash., for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington.

OPINION

Before EUGENE A. WRIGHT, PREGERSON, and ALARCON, Circuit Judges.

PREGERSON, Circuit Judge:

Lee A. Kuespert appeals his conviction on a conditional guilty plea ¹ for unlawfully possessing United States Treasury checks in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1708. Kuespert contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress because he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the Treasury checks found on his codefendant Johnson, who was a passenger in the car driven by Kuespert. We affirm.

Police officers stopped a vehicle driven by Kuespert, searched the occupants of the vehicle, and found stolen United States Treasury checks in the waistband of Johnson, a passenger in the back seat. On pretrial motions to suppress, the district court found that the "Terry stop" of the car, see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), had been unreasonable and granted Johnson's motion to suppress the Treasury checks. The court denied Kuespert's motion to suppress the Treasury checks seized from Johnson's person, and the Government was not precluded from introducing in evidence the checks, which also bore the fingerprints of Kuespert, to show his unlawful possession of stolen mail.

Where the facts are not in dispute, this court may review the question of standing de novo. United States v. Pollock, 726 F.2d 1456, 1465 (9th Cir.1984); see also United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1201 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 101, 83 L.Ed.2d 46 (1984). A person who is aggrieved by an illegal search or seizure only because the Government seeks to introduce damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person's premises or property has not had his Fourth Amendment rights infringed. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 134, 99 S.Ct. 421, 425, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978). A person may contest the legality of a search only if he possessed a "legitimate expectation of privacy" in the place searched. Id. at 143, 99 S.Ct. at 430. The narrow question here is whether Kuespert, by acting jointly with Johnson to conceal the Treasury checks on Johnson, shared with him a legitimate expectation of privacy in Johnson's person. Although Kuespert may have had a subjective expectation of privacy based on an agreement with his codefendant Johnson to conceal the Treasury checks in his waistband, that expectation is not one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. See Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979); United States v. Nadler, 698 F.2d 995, 999 (9th Cir.1983). The critical inquiry centers on the kind of intrusion that a free society is willing to tolerate. United States v. Solis, 536 F.2d 880, 881 (9th Cir.1976).

This court has held that a defendant does not have standing to challenge the legality of the search of a codefendant's body cavity. United States v. Johnson, 454 F.2d 700, 701 (9th Cir.1972). Here, Kuespert was not the person against whom the search was directed, Diaz-Rosendo v. United States, 357 F.2d 124, 131 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 856, 87 S.Ct. 104, 17 L.Ed.2d 83 (1966), nor could he reasonably assert control or supervision over Johnson's person or exclude others from access to Johnson. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 149, 99 S.Ct. 421, 433, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978); United States v. Pollack, 726 F.2d 1456, 1465 (9th Cir.1984); United States v. Medina-Verdugo, 637 F.2d 649, 652 (9th Cir.1980).

Kuespert's reliance on this court's holdings in United States v. Jones, 707 F.2d 1093, 1100 (9th Cir.1983), rev'd on other...