Rutherford v. City of Berkeley

• Decision Date: 13 November 1985
• Docket Number: No. 83-1853,83-1853
• Citation: 780 F.2d 1444
• Parties: Thomas R. RUTHERFORD, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF BERKELEY, et al., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1444

780 F.2d 1444

Thomas R. RUTHERFORD, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF BERKELEY, et al., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 83-1853.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Submitted Nov. 13, 1985 ^*.

Decided Jan. 21, 1986.

Ronald Steven Mintz, Pomona, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

Randolph Hall, Berkeley, Cal., for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.

Before ANDERSON, SKOPIL and POOLE, Circuit Judges.

POOLE, Circuit Judge:

Thomas R. Rutherford appeals from the district court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of defendants on his claim under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 (1982) and related pendent state claims for lack of sufficient evidence. We reverse the judgment and remand for further proceedings.

On March 14, 1980, Rutherford and his common-law wife, Diana Rutherford, were visiting a friend, Lee Pfleiderer, in Pfleiderer's room in a Berkeley residence hotel. As a result of complaints from other hotel guests that Rutherford, his wife, and Pfleiderer were in the room drinking and fighting, the hotel manager went to Pfleiderer's room and asked Rutherford and his wife to leave the hotel immediately. Rutherford alleges that several minutes after he and his wife left the room, Pfleiderer emerged from the room, bleeding from the head. Rutherford called the Berkeley police to report that Pfleiderer had been assaulted by the hotel manager. Rutherford and his wife then left the hotel and crossed the street to wait for the police to arrive.

Several Berkeley police officers arrived at the Berkeley residence hotel. Two entered the Berkeley residence hotel and approximately five or six other Berkeley police officers, including defendants Tom Hood, Edward McBride and John Houpt, detained Rutherford. Rutherford alleges that, without any provocation and without placing him under arrest, the officers detaining him threw him to the ground, punched, kicked, and handcuffed him. Defendants Officers Hood, McBride, and Houpt deny that they assaulted Rutherford, but admit handcuffing him and claim that they placed him under arrest at that time for assault with a deadly weapon. Rutherford was taken to the Berkeley police station and, after a week in custody, the charge against him was dropped and he was released.

Rutherford brought suit under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 (1982) alleging that defendants deprived him of his constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. He claims that he was assaulted and battered by defendants Officers Hood, McBride, and Houpt in violation of his civil rights.

At trial, Rutherford initially identified defendants Officers Hood, McBride, and Houpt as the officers who assaulted him, but later stated that he was not certain whether any of them actually kicked or punched him. Rutherford did testify, however, that while he was on the ground being beaten he saw the faces of the named officers.

At the close of the Rutherford's case, the district court directed a verdict in favor of defendants, stating that no reasonable jurors could possibly find for the plaintiff because he had "offered no proof that any of the particular individuals he named as defendants did do any beating of him." Rutherford appeals.

I

We must first address whether Rutherford has alleged a claim upon which relief may be granted under Sec. 1983. Rutherford has properly stated a claim under Sec. 1983 if he alleges facts establishing a deprivation of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Havas v. Thornton, 609 F.2d 372, 374 (9th Cir.1979).

We believe that Rutherford has alleged facts establishing a violation of substantive due process, thereby stating a Sec. 1983 claim. The Supreme Court outlined the nature of a substantive due process claim in the police brutality context in Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 72 S.Ct. 205, 96 L.Ed. 183 (1952). In Rochin, the Court reversed a conviction based on evidence obtained by subjecting the petitioner to a stomach pump in violation of his substantive due process rights. Id. at 174, 72 S.Ct. at 210. The Rochin Court reasoned that substantive due process is violated when the government engages in actions that "offend those canons of decency and fairness which express the notions of justice of English-speaking peoples even toward those charged with the most heinous offenses." 342 U.S. at 169, 72 S.Ct. at 208. The Court did not articulate specific standards for identifying what constitutes a substantive due process violation but concluded that it lies where government conduct "shocks the conscience" or constitutes force that is "brutal" and offends "even hardened sensibilities." Id. at 172-73, 72 S.Ct. at 209-10. Following Rochin, the seminal case of Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1033, 94 S.Ct. 462, 38 L.Ed.2d 324 (1973), developed more definite standards for identifying substantive due process violations. Noting that violations that give rise to a substantive due process claim are necessarily more egregious than those that give rise to simple tort actions, Judge Friendly wrote that

in determining whether the constitutional line has been crossed, a court must look to such factors as the need for the application of force, the relationship between the need and the amount of force that was used, the extent of the injury inflicted, and whether force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain and restore discipline or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.

Id. at 1033.

This court adopted the Johnson v. Glick analysis in Meredith v. State of Arizona, 523 F.2d 481, 484 (9th Cir.1975), holding that an unprovoked assault and battery by a guard upon a state prisoner was a violation of the prisoner's constitutional right to due process. In Meredith, we stated that, under Johnson v. Glick, conduct under color of state law that can be fairly characterized as "intentional, unjustified, brutal, and offensive to human dignity" violates the victim's right to substantive due process. Id.

The complaint in this case alleges an unprovoked assault and battery on an individual by the police officers placing him in custody, by throwing the individual on the ground and repeatedly punching and kicking him. Such conduct would satisfy the Meredith criteria. Accord Gregory v. Thompson, 500 F.2d 59, 61 (9th Cir.1974) (deprivation of liberty found where justice of the peace forced plaintiff out of his courtroom and then threw him to the floor, jumped on him and began to beat him). Therefore, Rutherford has stated facts here which, if true, would support a claim of deprivation of substantive due process under Sec. 1983.

The existence of a basis for liability under state tort law does not affect our conclusion. The availability of a state tort action has been held to preclude a Sec. 1983 suit in certain situations because it provides adequate procedural due process and, therefore, no constitutional right had been violated. For example, in Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981), a prisoner brought a Sec. 1983 action against state prison administrators for the negligent deprivation of mail-order hobby materials valued at $23.50. The Supreme Court held that a cause of action did not lie under Sec. 1983 for the negligent, random and unauthorized deprivation of property by state officials because the state had provided the plaintiff a meaningful postdeprivation remedy in the state courts. Id. at 540-44, 101 S.Ct. at 1915-17. Similarly, this court in Rutledge v. Arizona Bd. of Regents, 660 F.2d 1345, 1352 (9th Cir.1981), aff'd on other grounds sub nom. Kush v. Rutledge, 460 U.S. 719, 103 S.Ct. 1483, 75 L.Ed.2d 413 (1983), held that the plaintiff did not state a claim under Sec. 1983 for assault and battery because the postdeprivation hearing available to the appellant under the state tort laws satisfied the due process requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court, however, declined to question the adequacy of the postdeprivation procedures under state law because the appellant had not raised that issue and because the appellant already had sought redress in the state courts. Id.

Parratt and Rutledge involved Sec. 1983 claims based only upon violations of procedural due process, not "whether the constitutional line ha[d] been crossed" so as to constitute a deprivation of substantive due process, nor whether the availability of state court relief precluded a Sec. 1983 claim in such circumstances. Where the denial is of substantive, not merely procedural, due process, the governmental conduct involved would remain unjustified even if there existed the most stringent of procedural safeguards. Because the substantive due process is violated at the moment the harm occurs, the existence of a postdeprivation state remedy should not have any bearing on whether a cause of action exists under Sec. 1983. With this in mind, we concur in the rationale set forth by the Eleventh Circuit in Gilmere v. City of Atlanta, Ga., 774 F.2d 1495, 1498 (11th Cir.1985), that the existence of postdeprivation state remedies does not bar a substantive due process claim under Sec. 1983.

The Eleventh Circuit relied on the legislative history behind Sec. 1983 and Supreme Court pronouncements in cases other than Parratt to support its ruling. Congress indicated that both the egregious nature of the harms reported under Sec. 1983 and the inefficacy of state court remedies made the situation serious enough "to warrant direct supervision by the federal courts regardless of the existence of comparable remedies under state law." Id. at 1498 (citing Patsy v. Board of Regent, 457 U.S. 496, 502-08, 102 S.Ct. 2557, 2560-64, 73 L.Ed.2d 172 (1982)). Accord Wilson v. Garcia, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 1949, 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985). The Eleventh Circuit reasoned that the enactment of Sec. 1983 indicated that Congress "continues to adhere to the belief that...