U.S. v. Prichard, 84-2326

• Citation: 781 F.2d 179
• Decision Date: 09 January 1986
• Docket Number: No. 84-2326,84-2326
• Parties: 20 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 132 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Carl Emmitt PRICHARD, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit)

Page 179

781 F.2d 179

20 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 132

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Carl Emmitt PRICHARD, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 84-2326.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Jan. 9, 1986.

Charles Szekely, Asst. Fed. Public Defender, Denver, Colo., for defendant-appellant.

James K. Bredar, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Robert N. Miller, U.S. Atty., with him on brief), Denver, Colo., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before HOLLOWAY, Chief Judge, and LOGAN, Circuit Judge. ^*

LOGAN, Circuit Judge.

Carl Emmitt Prichard appeals his conviction in district court of attempted bank robbery, a violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2113(a). On appeal he claims that: (1) his acts did not proceed past preparation and thus could not constitute an attempt, and (2) the district court should have held an evidentiary hearing to determine whether conversations between witnesses warranted a new trial.

In early April 1984, Prichard and Michael Windsor planned to rob a bank and also to rob the manager of a bowling alley. Unbeknownst to Prichard, Windsor was a paid FBI informant. Throughout Prichard's preparations for the two robberies, Windsor was cooperating with the FBI.

The evidence presented at trial showed that before Prichard became acquainted with Windsor, Prichard had watched the target bank for one to two weeks to learn the bank manager's system of opening the bank. Prichard also had learned the make of the manager's car and had prepared a rough sketch of the bank. After they agreed to perform the two robberies, Prichard had Windsor obtain a car, handcuffs, and gloves to use in the robberies. Prichard also instructed Windsor to determine the bank manager's address from his license plate.

Windsor permitted the FBI to place a listening device in the car he obtained to use in the robberies. Through this device, the FBI recorded a conversation between Prichard and Windsor on April 18, the night of Prichard's arrest. On that night there was some confusion over which robbery would be performed first. Much of the conversation suggested that Prichard intended to rob the bowling alley manager that night and the bank the next morning. In both cases he intended to hold the families of the managers hostage to coerce them into consenting to his demands. On that night Prichard had picked up a slapstick or "zapper," a weapon similar to a blackjack. He did not, however, have the gun, police scanner, or handcuffs that had been obtained already for use in the robberies.

Prichard and Windsor, after stopping at a bar to pick up the slapstick, drove to the banker's house. Apparently Prichard intended to "jimmy" the window and then wait to see if the police would respond. If there was no response, it is unclear whether he and Windsor would have entered the banker's house that evening or the following morning. The evidence most strongly suggested that they did not plan to enter the banker's house that evening, and that the primary purpose of the trip was to watch the banker's house. As the two approached the banker's house, the FBI arrested Prichard.

I

Prichard's first claim is that his acts constituted mere preparation. As courts invariably and correctly state, the question of when preparation ends and attempt begins is exceedingly difficult. See, e.g., United States v. Brown, 604 F.2d 347, 350 (5th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 962, 100 S.Ct. 1649, 64 L.Ed.2d 237 (1980). In United States v. Monholland, 607 F.2d 1311 (10th Cir.1979), we stated that under federal criminal law,

"mere intention to commit a specified crime does not amount to an attempt. It is essential that the defendant, with the intent of committing the particular crime, do some overt act adapted to, approximating, and which in the ordinary and likely course of things will result in, the commission of the crime."

Id. at 1318. Later, in United States v. Bunney, 705 F.2d 378, 381 (10th Cir.1983), we required a "substantial step" toward the commission of the crime, which we defined as an act that is "strongly corroborative of the firmness of the defendant's criminal intent." Id. (quoting United States v. Mandujano, 499 F.2d 370, 376 (5th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1114, 95 S.Ct. 792, 42 L.Ed.2d 812 (1975)).

In the instant case, therefore, we must determine whether Prichard's objective acts, without relying on the intent underlying those acts, strongly corroborate his intent to rob the bank. See United States v. Pennell, 737 F.2d 521, 525 (6th Cir.1984), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 906, 83 L.Ed.2d 921 (1985); United States v. Oviedo, 525 F.2d 881, 885 (5th Cir.1976). Because Prichard was convicted, in responding to this inquiry, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942).

The key question in this case is whether the reconnoitering of the object of a crime and the collecting of the instruments to be used in that crime, together, can constitute a substantial step. The Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute provides that:

"Without negativing the sufficiency of other conduct, the following, if strongly corroborative of actor's criminal purpose, shall not be held insufficient as a matter of law:

(c) reconnoitering the place contemplated for the commission of the crime;

....

(f) possession, collection or fabrication of materials to be employed in the commission of the crime, at or near the place contemplated for its commission, where such possession, collection or fabrication serves no lawful purpose of the actor under the circumstances;"

Model Penal Code Sec. 5.01(2)(c), (f) (1962 Proposed Official Draft). The Commentary to the Model Penal Code explains that "firmness of purpose is shown when the actor proceeds to scout the scene of the contemplated crime in order to detect possible dangers and to fix on the most promising avenue of approach." Model Penal Code and Commentaries 337 (Official Draft and Revised Comments 1985). Other circuits have moved toward this approach and have upheld attempt convictions based on surveillance of the object of a crime and the assemblage of the necessary instruments. See United States v. McFadden, 739 F.2d 149, 152 (4th Cir.) (discussion of plans, reconnoitering of bank, assemblage of weapons and disguises, and presence at bank supports attempt conviction), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 302, 83 L.Ed.2d 236 (1984); United States v. Snell, 627 F.2d 186, 188 (9th Cir.1980) (assemblage and possession of materials for use in robbery, reconnoitering of bank and bank manager's routine, and presence at bank manager's home supports attempt conviction).

In the instant case, despite the ambiguity in the record over which robbery Prichard intended to perform on the night of his arrest, there was sufficient evidence for the district court to find that Prichard's actions strongly corroborated his intent to rob the bank. Prichard spent two weeks observing the bank; he prepared a sketch of the bank; he had his supposed accomplice find out the bank manager's address and case the bank manager's home; he followed a different bank employee home who also was involved in opening the bank; he assembled the instruments necessary to commit the crime; and, finally, he went to the bank manager's house on the night of the arrest. We cannot say that these actions are insufficient for conviction by virtue of being so "commonplace that they are engaged in by persons not in violation of the law." Oviedo, 525 F.2d at 885. Instead we find that they were sufficient to support an inference, without relying on Prichard's underlying intent, that he intended to rob the bank.

Prichard's argument rests largely on his contention that he did not intend to enter the bank manager's home on the evening of his arrest. Even if he was not going to take the bank manager hostage that night, his acts were sufficiently corroborative of his intent to constitute a substantial step toward commission of the crime. The police need not wait until the defendant is on the verge of committing the specific act that constitutes the crime. If this were the rule, much of the preventative purpose of inchoate liability would be vitiated. Instead, in order to protect the public, modern "attempt" law allows criminal liability to attach at some point prior to the last proximate act. See United States v. Jackson, 560 F.2d 112, 118 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 941, 98 S.Ct. 434, 54 L.Ed.2d 301 (1977); see also Model Penal Code Commentary at 324-25 (under Model Penal Code approach need not show defendant would probably not have desisted prior to completing crime). Although it was unclear exactly when Prichard intended to enter the banker's home, there was sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to determine, as a matter of law, that Prichard intended to proceed with the bank robbery in the immediate future. ¹

II

Prichard's second claim is that the district court should have held an evidentiary hearing to determine whether conversations between witnesses warranted a new trial. Prichard contends that David Wade, vice-president of the target bank, discussed his testimony with Windsor prior to testifying. The...