Reed v. Columbia St. Mary's Hosp.

• Decision Date: 30 March 2015
• Docket Number: No. 14–2592.,14–2592.
• Parties: Linda REED, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. COLUMBIA ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL, Defendant–Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

782 F.3d 331

Linda REED, Plaintiff–Appellant

v.COLUMBIA ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL, Defendant–Appellee.

No. 14–2592.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Submitted Feb. 17, 2015.^*

Decided March 30, 2015.

Linda Reed, Milwaukee, WI, for Plaintiff–Appellant.

Before BAUER, TINDER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

Opinion

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge.

Linda Reed sued Columbia St. Mary's Hospital alleging that the hospital discriminated against her on the basis of her disability during her stay there. She alleges violation of Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (prohibiting disability discrimination in public accommodations), and the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794 (prohibiting disability discrimination by entities that receive federal funding). In this, her second federal suit based on these facts, the district court dismissed her claims for two reasons. First, it concluded that her claims were precluded by the dismissal of her earlier suit. Second, even if her claims were not precluded, the district court concluded that neither the ADA nor the Rehabilitation Act could offer her any remedy. We disagree on both grounds and therefore vacate the judgment of the district court and remand.

Reed alleged in her first complaint that she has tardive dyskinesia

, a neurological disorder

that causes involuntary facial and limb movements and makes speaking difficult. During an inpatient stay at the hospital in March 2012, Reed alleged, its staff ignored her requests, treated her poorly, refused to consult with her regarding her care, and physically injured her when she was forcibly discharged. Judge Stadtmueller, the judge assigned to that first case, ruled that the complaint did not contain “a short and plain statement” of the claim as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), dismissed it, and invited Reed to amend. She did so. The amended complaint repeated these factual allegations and alleged an unelaborated claim of “retaliation,” a violation of Title III of the ADA, and several state-law claims.

Upon review of the amended complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), Judge Stadtmueller dismissed the action “without prejudice.” He considered whether any of her claims asserted a violation of federal law, including the Rehabilitation Act and the retaliation provision of the ADA, 42 U.S.C. § 12203. But for each potential federal violation, the judge believed that Reed failed to state a claim for relief.

The judge then wrote that because Reed did not state a violation of federal law, the court lacked jurisdiction and had to dismiss the case without prejudice:

Having dismissed all of Ms. Reed's claims that could conceivably arise under federal law, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear this matter under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Likewise, the Court lacks diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Therefore, lacking a basis for jurisdiction over the potentially-federal claims, the Court may not exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

The Court, accordingly, lacks jurisdiction over this case entirely, and must dismiss it. The Court will do so without prejudice.

Reed v. Columbia St. Mary's Hosp., No. 14–C–145–JPS, 2014 WL 805919, at *4 (E.D.Wis. Feb. 28, 2014). The conclusion of the order repeated that “for the reasons discussed above, Ms. Reed's federal claims ... are hereby DISMISSED without prejudice” but added that the reason is “for failure to comply with Rule 8(a)(2).” Finally, the court reiterated that “those claims having been dismissed, the Court lacks jurisdiction over this matter and therefore, this matter be and the same is hereby DISMISSED without prejudice.” Id. In a separate judgment entered the same day, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 58(a), the court again stated that the dismissal was “without prejudice.”

Reed apparently took the dismissal “without prejudice” at face value. Less than a month later, she filed in the same court a new case that expanded on the allegations deemed insufficient in the first case. The new case was assigned to Judge Randa.

According to the complaint in this second case, the allegations of which we must accept as true, see Arnett v. Webster, 658 F.3d 742, 751 (7th Cir.2011), Reed suffers from tardive dyskinesia

plus post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and acute anxiety. Because tardive dyskinesia makes speaking difficult, Reed uses a computer to communicate. Reed went to the hospital in March 2012 hoping to receive alternative treatment for her disorders instead of the psychotropic medications she was taking. On one occasion, when Reed asked that staff bring the computer to her, they refused to do so because of her disabilities. When she repeated her request, she alleges, the staff retaliated against her by grabbing her and throwing her into a “seclusion room.” Later, staff summoned Reed to a meeting with a doctor to discuss her discharge, where, still without her computer, she was unable to communicate. When the hospital discharged Reed, she asked to call her case manager, but hospital staff refused Reed's request, again because of her disabilities. To retaliate further they allegedly had Reed escorted out of the hospital by security guards, who injured her in the process.

The complaint asserts claims of discrimination and retaliation under the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act, and it seeks compensatory and punitive damages, injunctive relief, and a declaratory judgment under those two laws. Finally, the complaint alleges various constitutional violations against the hospital under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

Judge Randa dismissed Reed's second case at screening, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), concluding that, because her first case had been dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, she was precluded from relying on the same facts to invoke the court's jurisdiction in the current case. Alternatively, Judge Randa concluded that neither the ADA nor the Rehabilitation Act offered Reed the relief she sought. First, he stated that neither statute provided compensatory damages for claims of discrimination. Second, Judge Randa thought that retaliation claims under the Rehabilitation Act were not available because this case did not involve employment discrimination, and this court had not ruled whether the ADA offers a remedy for retaliation claims that are not based on employment. Third, he added, because she did not allege an ongoing violation, she did not sufficiently plead a claim for injunctive relief under either act. Finally, the judge concluded that Reed's § 1983 claims failed because nothing in the complaint suggested that the hospital was acting under the color of state law.

Within 28 days of the dismissal, Reed moved the court to vacate the judgment and reinstate the case. She explained that she had thought Judge Stadtmueller's order permitted her to file a new case and that her new complaint stated a claim. Judge Randa denied her motion without explanation. She then appealed the dismissal of her first suit, but later voluntarily dismissed that appeal after recognizing that she appealed that dismissal too late. She also filed this timely appeal from the dismissal of her second suit. Reed repeats her arguments that the dismissal of the first suit did not preclude her second suit and that she adequately stated claims for relief.

We agree with Reed that both of Judge Randa's reasons for dismissing her second case are incorrect. First, Judge Stadtmueller's dismissal of Reed's first case, professedly for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, does not preclude litigation of that issue in her second case because Judge Stadtmueller did not actually decide that issue. It is generally true that a dismissal said to be without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction can, through the doctrine of issue preclusion, bar the invocation of a federal court's subject-matter jurisdiction in a second lawsuit based on the same facts. See Hill v. Potter, 352 F.3d 1142, 1146–47 (7th Cir.2003) ; Okoro v. Bohman, 164 F.3d 1059, 1063 (7th Cir.1999). But the issue of subject-matter litigation must have been “actually litigated” and decided in the first case. See Matrix IV, Inc. v. American Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 649 F.3d 539, 547 (7th Cir.2011). To determine whether an issue was truly litigated and decided, it is sometimes necessary to look beyond the judgment in an earlier action. See La Preferida, Inc. v. Cerveceria Modelo, S.A. de C.V., 914 F.2d 900, 907 (7th Cir.1990).

We can see from Judge Stadtmueller's reasoning in the first case that he actually decided only that Reed failed to state a claim. He did not decide that her claims did not engage the court's federal question subject-matter jurisdiction. True, he thought that as a consequence of Reed's failure to state a federal claim, the court lacked jurisdiction. That was not correct. Failure to state a claim does not deprive a court of subject-matter jurisdiction unless the claim is “wholly insubstantial and frivolous,” which is a much more stringent standard that is rarely satisfied. See McCoy v. Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., 760 F.3d 674, 681 (7th Cir.2014) ; Bovee v. Broom, 732 F.3d 743, 744 (7th Cir.2013) ; see generally Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 685, 66 S.Ct. 773, 90 L.Ed. 939 (1946). Nothing in the substance of Judge Stadtmueller's order suggests that he deemed Reed's potential federal claims to be so frivolous that they would fail even to invoke the court's federal question jurisdiction. He simply mischaracterized as jurisdictional the dismissal of Reed's allegations for failure to state a claim.

When a court mischaracterizes its decision in that way, as happened in Gogos v. AMS Mech. Sys., Inc., 737 F.3d 1170, 1172 (7th Cir.2013), we can ignore the mischaracterization. Because the issue of subject-matter jurisdiction was not “actually litigated,” it was incorrect for Judge Randa to conclude that Reed was precluded from invoking the court's subject-matter jurisdiction in...