Joeckel v. Disabled American Veterans

Decision Date21 March 2002
Docket Number No. 99-CV-910., No. 99-CV-1212
PartiesCharles E. JOECKEL, Jr., Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. DISABLED AMERICAN VETERANS, Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
CourtD.C. Court of Appeals

John W. Karr, with whom Theodore S. Allison, Washington, DC, was on the brief, for appellant/cross-appellee.

John L. Moore, Jr., Washington, DC, with whom Ada Fernandez Johnson and Christopher J. Clay were on the brief, for appellee/cross-appellant.

Before FARRELL, RUIZ, and GLICKMAN, Associate Judges.

RUIZ, Associate Judge:

Charles Joeckel, Jr. appeals from an order of the Superior Court which granted summary judgment against him and in favor of Disabled American Veterans (DAV) on Joeckel's complaint which alleged that DAV had "unlawfully, willfully, maliciously and without probable cause" brought a civil action against him in the state of Kentucky. Because Joeckel has not alleged that he has suffered the "special injury" required under the current state of our law to maintain such a suit, we affirm.1

I. FACTUAL SUMMARY

Appellant served as National Adjutant of DAV from 1988 to 1993, having risen from a position as a clerk to one of DAV's highest ranking positions over the span of his 18 years as an employee for the veterans service organization. During Joeckel's tenure as National Adjutant, DAV paid $80,000 to a DAV employee and his wife as part of the settlement of a lawsuit which alleged that Joeckel had sexually harassed the employee's wife after a business meeting sponsored by DAV.2 In the wake of controversy over the use of DAV funds to settle the suit, DAV ultimately terminated Joeckel's employment. That decision was upheld by a DAV termination review board, which found that Joeckel had, without proper authorization, used organizational funds to pay a private debt.

Subsequently, DAV sought recovery of the $80,000, which it alleged Joeckel had misappropriated, under the employee theft provisions of its insurance policy with Fireman's Fund Insurance Company (FFIC). When FFIC refused to indemnify DAV, the organization brought suit against the insurer in Jefferson County Circuit Court in Louisville, Kentucky.3 In the same Kentucky court, DAV also filed suit against Joeckel, seeking recovery of the $80,000 on theories of conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and various equitable theories.4 Joeckel counter-claimed for damages and equitable relief associated with his discharge and the revocation of his DAV membership.5 DAV eventually settled its claim against FFIC, but not for the full amount for which it had sought indemnification. The organization thus continued to pursue its action against appellant which culminated, after a full trial, in a jury verdict in favor of Joeckel on all of DAV's claims. With legal victory in hand, Joeckel then filed a one-count complaint for malicious prosecution in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, alleging that DAV's "initiation and prosecution of the Kentucky lawsuit against [him] was unfounded and known to be so by DAV, and was done unlawfully, willfully, maliciously and without probable cause, and with an intent to injure [him]." Joeckel asserted that, as a proximate result of DAV's actions, he had suffered "economic damages and losses, humiliation and embarrassment, emotional damages, and injury to his reputation," as well as "other damages."

DAV moved for summary judgment pursuant to Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(b), arguing that Joeckel could not establish the necessary elements of a claim for malicious prosecution. DAV first submitted that Joeckel had failed to present any evidence that he suffered the requisite "special injury" as a result of the Kentucky action. Second, the DAV contended that it had ample probable cause for bringing the Kentucky suit against Joeckel; and third, DAV claimed that Joeckel's allegations of malice could not be sustained because they were based on acts and events that had been the subject of prior final judgments in DAV's favor. The trial court granted DAV's motion for summary judgment, explaining that the expense of defending the Kentucky suit, the emotional and physical distress of that litigation, and the harm to Joeckel's reputation, did not amount to the "special injury" necessary to support a cause of action for malicious prosecution.6 Joeckel filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court's order.

II. ANALYSIS

We review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo. See Woodland v. District Council 20, 777 A.2d 795, 798 (D.C.2001)

. In reviewing a trial court order granting summary judgment, we conduct an independent review of the record, and our standard of review is the same as the trial court's standard in considering the motion for summary judgment. See Critchell v. Critchell, 746 A.2d 282, 284 (D.C.2000) (citing Sherman v. District of Columbia, 653 A.2d 866, 869 (D.C.1995)). A motion for summary judgment should be granted whenever the court concludes that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Woodland, 777 A.2d at 798 (citing Musa v. Continental Ins. Co., 644 A.2d 999, 1001-02 (D.C.1994)). Though we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, see Bailey v. District of Columbia, 668 A.2d 817, 819 (D.C.1995), mere conclusory allegations by the non-moving party are legally insufficient to avoid the entry of summary judgment. See Musa, 644 A.2d at 1002. Thus, a party opposing a motion for summary judgment must produce at least enough evidence to make out a prima facie case in support of his position. See Nader v. de Toledano, 408 A.2d 31, 48-49 (D.C.1979).

We have long held that in order to support an action for malicious prosecution in the District of Columbia, a plaintiff must plead and be able to prove: 1) that the underlying suit terminated in plaintiff's favor; 2) malice on the part of the defendant; 3) lack of probable cause for the underlying suit; and 4) special injury occasioned by plaintiff as the result of the original action. See Morowitz v. Marvel, 423 A.2d 196, 198 (D.C.1980)

(citing Ammerman v. Newman, 384 A.2d 637, 639 (D.C.1978)). The special injury required has been defined as arrest, seizure of property, or "injury which would not necessarily result from suits to recover for like causes of action." See Mazanderan v. McGranery, 490 A.2d 180, 182 (D.C.1984) (quoting Ammerman, 384 A.2d at 639). In the District of Columbia, injuries to reputation, emotional distress, loss of income, and "substantial expense in defending" have all been held to fall outside the scope of the definition of special injury. Id. at 182; see also Epps v. Vogel, 454 A.2d 320, 324 (D.C.1982); Morowitz, 423 A.2d at 198.7

Appellant does not argue that our law is otherwise. Rather, he contends that the same rationale underlying the determination of special injury in Soffos v. Eaton, 80 U.S.App.D.C. 306, 152 F.2d 682 (1945), should allow him to proceed to trial on the merits of his malicious prosecution claim. In Soffos, the court reviewed the dismissal of a malicious prosecution action on the basis that special injury had not been pled by the plaintiff. See id. at 306, 152 F.2d at 682. There, the plaintiff had been subjected to four consecutive suits by her landlord which the plaintiff alleged had been brought "maliciously without just cause and in bad faith." Id. Recognizing that the common law of the District did not allow an action to lie for the recovery of damages sustained by the prosecution of a civil action with malice unless the complainant had incurred special injury such as arrest or seizure of property, the court nevertheless allowed the plaintiff in that case to continue with her suit, stating that "[s]ome sort of balance ha[d] to be struck between the social interest in preventing unconscionable suits and in permitting honest assertion of supposed rights." Id. at 307, 152 F.2d at 683. The court further explained that because "the right to litigate is not the right to become a nuisance[,]. . . [t]he burden of being compelled to defend successive unconscionable suits is not one which would necessarily result in all suits prosecuted to recover for like causes of action," and therefore, held the court, the appellant's complaint stated a claim upon which relief could be granted. Id.

As appellant rightfully concedes, the case before us does not fit squarely within the parameters of the holding in Soffos because Joeckel would not be able to show that DAV pursued more than one groundless action against him. However, Joeckel contends that Soffos recognizes that a "balance" has to be struck and that there is evident imbalance when the expenses incurred in defending an action are excessively disproportionate to the original plaintiff's litigation objectives.8 According to appellant, the same rationale that recognizes "special injury" when there are repeated lawsuits applies where a single groundless suit similarly results in extraordinary and abnormal litigation expenses to the original defendant. Joeckel claims that in pursuing its frivolous action against him, after obtaining $50,000 from its insurance company and having only $30,000 left to recover, the DAV deliberately caused him to spend almost $200,000 to defend himself, and that this disproportion between the DAV's purported damages and the amount he had to expend constitutes special injury.

To be sure, in at least two of our cases, special injury determinations have resulted from the recognition that, in certain circumstances, a party may unfairly sustain economic injury beyond that which is normally incidental to defending a lawsuit. This was the case in both Soffos and in Davis v. Boyle Bros., 73 A.2d 517 (D.C. 1950), another decision in which the court allowed a malicious prosecution action to continue in the absence of arrest or seizure of property.9 But those decisions are...

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