Minoco Group of Companies, Ltd., In re

• Decision Date: 09 September 1986
• Docket Number: No. 84-6592,84-6592
• Citation: 799 F.2d 517
• Parties: 15 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 1277, 14 Bankr.Ct.Dec. 1399 In re The MINOCO GROUP OF COMPANIES, LTD., a Delaware Corporation, The MINOCO GROUP OF COMPANIES, LTD., a Delaware Corporation and Minoco Southern Corporation, a Nevada Corporation, Plaintiffs/Appellees, v. FIRST STATE UNDERWRITERS AGENCY OF NEW ENGLAND REINSURANCE CORPORATION, and First State Insurance Company, Defendants/Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 517

799 F.2d 517

15 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 1277, 14 Bankr.Ct.Dec. 1399

In re The MINOCO GROUP OF COMPANIES, LTD., a Delaware Corporation,

The MINOCO GROUP OF COMPANIES, LTD., a Delaware Corporation

and Minoco Southern Corporation, a Nevada

Corporation, Plaintiffs/Appellees, v. FIRST STATE UNDERWRITERS AGENCY OF NEW ENGLAND REINSURANCE

CORPORATION, and First State Insurance Company,

Defendants/Appellants.

No. 84-6592.

United States Court of Appeals,

Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Dec. 4, 1985.

Decided Sept. 9, 1986.

Thomas Walper, Stroock, Stroock & Lavan, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiffs/appellees.

Erwin E. Adler, Richards, Watson, Dreyfuss & Gershon, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants/appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before ANDERSON and NORRIS, Circuit Judges, and COPPLE, District judge ^*

NORRIS, Circuit Judge:

Appellants First State Underwriters Agency of New England and First State Insurance Company (collectively, "First State") are affiliated insurance companies that issued prepaid excess officers and directors liability policies to The Minoco Group of Companies ("Minoco"). The policies provided coverage only for "claims made" from November 24, 1982, through July 1, 1984, but permitted either party to cancel the policies at any time upon thirty days' notice. In November 1983, two months after Minoco filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Code"), 11 U.S.C. Secs. 1101-1174 (1982), First State gave Minoco notice of cancellation of the policies. Minoco then brought this action in bankruptcy court seeking a declaratory judgment that cancellation of the policies was automatically stayed by section 362(a) of the Code, as well as an injunction prohibiting First State from cancelling the policies.

After an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court made a finding of fact that if First State were permitted to cancel the policies, Minoco would be required to indemnify present and former officers and directors for legal expenses and judgments which arise from their activities as officers and directors. ¹ The bankruptcy court also found that cancellation of the policies would render reorganization of Minoco more difficult, if not impossible, for two reasons: (a) the difficulty of attracting and retaining competent personnel to serve as officers and directors, and (b) the increase in claims against the debtor's estate resulting from claims for indemnification by present and former officers and directors. On the basis of these findings, the bankruptcy court declared that cancellation of the policies was automatically stayed by section 362(a) and enjoined First State from effecting a cancellation. The district court affirmed. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 158(d), we affirm on the ground that the filing of the bankruptcy petition automatically stayed cancellation of the policies under section 362(a)(3) of the Code.

Section 362(a)(3) provides that the filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as a stay of "any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate." "Property of the estate" is defined in section 541(a) of the Code as "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." The legislative history makes it plain that "[t]he scope of this paragraph [section 541(a) ] is broad. It includes all kinds of property, including tangible or intangible property...." S. Rep. No. 95-989, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 82 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 5787, 5868. In In re Bialac, 712 F.2d 426 (9th Cir.1983) we said that section 541(a)'s definition of property "was intended to be broad and all-inclusive," id. at 430, and "an interest is not outside its reach because it is novel or contingent or enjoyment must be postponed." Id. at 431 (quoting Segal v. Rochelle, 382 U.S. 375 379, 86 S.Ct. 511, 515, 15 L.Ed.2d 428 (1966)).

First State argues on appeal that the excess officers and directors liability policies are not "property of the estate" within the meaning of section 541(a) because the policies benefit only the officers and directors, not Minoco. We disagree. As the bankruptcy court found, ² the policies also benefit Minoco because the policies insure Minoco against indemnity claims made by officers and directors. Moreover, First State's position is contrary to the case law. For example, in A.H. Robins Co. v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir.1986), the Fourth Circuit held that a products liability policy issued to the debtor was "property of the estate" within the meaning of section 541(a). The Fourth Circuit stated:

Under the weight of authority, insurance contracts have been said to be embraced in this statutory definition of "property." In re Davis, 730 F.2d 176, 184 (5th Cir.1984). For example, even the right to cancel an insurance policy issued to the debtor has uniformly been held to be stayed under section 362(a)(3). Lam, Cancellation of Insurance: Bankruptcy Automatic Stay Implications, 59 Am.Bankr.L.J. 267 (1985) (extensively reviewing the cases to this effect). A products liability policy of the debtor is similarly within the principle: it is a valuable property of the debtor, particularly if the debtor is confronted with substantial liability claims within the coverage of the policy in which case the policy may well be, as one court has remarked in a case like the one under review, "the most important asset of [the debtor's] estate," In re Johns Manville Corp., 40 B.R. 219, 229 (S.D.N.Y.1984).

Id. at 1001.

The reasoning of the Fourth Circuit in A.H. Robins applies to this case with full force. For the purposes of the automatic stay, we see no significant distinction between a liability policy that insures the debtor against claims by consumers and one that insures the debtor against claims by officers and directors. In either case, the insurance policies protect against diminution of the value of the estate. As the Fourth Circuit understood, liability policies meet the fundamental test of whether they are "property of the estate" because the debtor's estate is worth more with them than without them. See Jackson, Translating Assets and Liabilities to the Bankruptcy Forum, 14 J.Legal Stud. 73, 99 (1985). Accordingly, cancellation of the insurance policies by First State was automatically stayed by section 362(a)(3).

We reject First State's contention that this case is governed, not by section 541(a), but by section 541(b). Under subsection (b), property held by the debtor solely for the benefit of another does not constitute property of the estate. The legislative history to subsection (b) manifests Congressional concern that funds which the debtor holds in constructive trust for another...