Stender v. Lucky Stores, Inc.

Decision Date18 August 1992
Docket NumberNo. C-88-1467 MHP.,C-88-1467 MHP.
Citation803 F. Supp. 259
PartiesNancy J. STENDER, Diane Skillsky, Julie Valentine-Dunn, Reba Barber-Money, Irma Hernandez, Anita Martinez and Jon Gold on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. LUCKY STORES, INC., Defendant.
CourtU.S. District Court — Northern District of California

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Brad Seligman, Jocelyn D. Larkin, Donna M. Ryu, Saperstein, Seligman & Mayeda, Oakland, Cal., for plaintiffs.

Kirby Wilcox, Kathleen V. Fisher, James E. Boddy, Jr., Portia R. Moore, Morrison & Foerster, San Francisco, Cal., for defendant.

                TABLE OF CONTENTS TO FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
                                                 FINDINGS OF FACT..............................266
                I.    LUCKY STORES INC. ............................................................. 266
                      Corporate Structure of Lucky .................................................. 266
                      Lucky's Northern California Division .......................................... 266
                      Districts in the Northern California Division ................................. 267
                      United Food and Commercial Workers Union Contracts ............................ 267
                      Retail Food Stores ............................................................ 268
                      Gemco Stores .................................................................. 269
                II.   LUCKY'S EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES .................................................. 269
                      Plaintiffs' Witnesses ......................................................... 269
                      Defendant's Witnesses ......................................................... 271
                      Initial Placement ............................................................. 271
                      A.  Hiring .................................................................... 271
                      B.  Placement ................................................................. 272
                      Promotion ..................................................................... 273
                      A.  Lucky's Job Ladders ....................................................... 273
                      B.  The UFCW Contract Provisions on Promotion ................................. 273
                      C.  Promotion Practices ....................................................... 274
                      D.  The Valley Posting Program ................................................ 280
                      E.  Training .................................................................. 280
                      F.  Movement between Departments .............................................. 282
                      Movement from Part-Time to Full-Time .......................................... 283
                      A.  The UFCW Contract Provisions on Movement to Full-Time ..................... 283
                      B.  Movement Practices ........................................................ 283
                      Allocation of Additional Hours/Step-Ups ....................................... 285
                      A.  The UFCW Contract Provisions on Allocation of Hours ....................... 285
                      B.  Allocation of Hours Practices ............................................. 285
                      C.  Step-Up Practices ......................................................... 286
                      Wage Rates .................................................................... 286
                      Grievance Procedures .......................................................... 287
                      Comparison of Lucky's NCD and SCD ............................................. 288
                      Lucky's Affirmative Action Efforts ............................................ 288
                      A.  Before 1986 ............................................................... 288
                      B.  The 1986 NCD Affirmative Action Plan ...................................... 289
                
                      C.  Discontinuation of the 1986 Affirmative Action Plan ....................... 291
                      D.  Lucky's 1988 Affirmative Action Efforts ................................... 291
                      E.  Notes from the Specter Meetings ........................................... 292
                      F.  Discontinuation of the 1988 Affirmative Action Efforts .................... 294
                      G.  Attitudes of Senior Management ............................................ 294
                III.  EXPERT WITNESSES .............................................................. 294
                      Dr. Drogin .................................................................... 294
                      A.  Initial Placement ......................................................... 296
                      B.  Promotion ................................................................. 296
                      C.  Movement from Part-Time to Full-Time ...................................... 297
                      D.  Movement off the Bid Lists ................................................ 297
                      E.  Allocation of Hours ....................................................... 297
                      F.  Earnings .................................................................. 298
                      G.  Dr. Drogin's Conclusions .................................................. 298
                      Dr. Pencavel .................................................................. 298
                      Dr. Bielby .................................................................... 301
                      Dr. Daum ...................................................................... 303
                      A.  Dr. Daum's Work Interest Survey ........................................... 304
                      B.  Dr. Daum's Work Hours Interest Survey ..................................... 309
                      Dr. Haworth ................................................................... 310
                      A.  Dr. Haworth's Initial Placement Database .................................. 311
                      B.  Dr. Haworth's Conclusions ................................................. 313
                      Dr. Hoffman ................................................................... 314
                      A.  Critique of Dr. Daum's Job Interest Survey ................................ 314
                      B.  Cluster Analysis .......................................................... 317
                      C.  Critique of Dr. Daum's Work Hours Interest Survey ......................... 317
                                                  CONCLUSIONS OF LAW ................................ 318
                I.    JURISDICTION AND VENUE ........................................................ 318
                II.   LIABILITY PERIOD .............................................................. 318
                III.  THE PLAINTIFF CLASS ........................................................... 318
                IV.   LEGAL STANDARDS ............................................................... 318
                      Section 1981 .................................................................. 318
                      Title VII — Generally ......................................................... 318
                      Title VII — Disparate Treatment ............................................... 318
                      Title VII — Disparate Impact .................................................. 320
                      The Use of Statistical Evidence in Title VII Cases ............................ 322
                      Punitive Damages under Title VII .............................................. 324
                      California Fair Employment and Housing Act .................................... 325
                V.    THE USE OF INTEREST SURVEYS ................................................... 325
                VI.   FINDINGS OF EXPERT TESTIMONY .................................................. 327
                VII.  DISPARATE TREATMENT ........................................................... 330
                      Evidence of Intent ............................................................ 330
                      A.  Evidentiary Rulings ....................................................... 330
                      B.  Subjective Decision Making ................................................ 331
                      C.  Knowledge ................................................................. 331
                      D.  Discriminatory Attitudes .................................................. 332
                      E.  Findings .................................................................. 332
                      Initial Placement ............................................................. 332
                      Promotion ..................................................................... 333
                      Movement from Part-Time to Full-Time .......................................... 334
                      Allocation of Hours/Step-Ups .................................................. 334
                VIII. DISPARATE IMPACT .............................................................. 335
                      Subjective Decision Making .................................................... 335
                      Failure to Follow Bid Procedures .............................................. 336
                IX.   PUNITIVE DAMAGES .............................................................. 336
                X.    FEHA CLAIM .................................................................... 336
                                                                 CONCLUSIONS ........................ 336
                

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

PATEL, District Judge.

Plaintiffs have brought this class action against Lucky Stores, Inc. on behalf of Black and female employees working in retail stores within Lucky's Northern California Food Division. Plaintiffs allege discrimination on the basis of race and sex in initial job placement, allocation of work hours, movement of part-time employees to full-time positions, and promotions. Claims are brought pursuant to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; 42 U.S.C. § 1981; and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act, Government Code §§ 12900-12996.

The court hereby enters its findings of fact and conclusions of law as to plaintiffs' claims. To the extent that any findings of fact are included under conclusions of law they shall be deemed findings of fact, and to the extent that any conclusions of law are included under findings of fact they shall be deemed conclusions of law. This order incorporates all of the previous orders of this court which are cited herein.

FINDINGS OF...

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