United States v. Vélez-Soto

Citation804 F.3d 75
Decision Date14 October 2015
Docket NumberNo. 13–1885.,13–1885.
PartiesUNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Francisco J. VÉLEZ–SOTO, a/k/a Fresh, Defendant, Appellant.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (1st Circuit)

Jean C. LaRocque and Shea and LaRocque, LLP on brief for appellant.

Rosa Emilia Rodríguez–Velez, United States Attorney, Nelson Pérez–Sosa, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, and John A. Matthews II, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.

Before HOWARD, Chief Judge, TORRUELLA and LIPEZ, Circuit Judges.

Opinion

LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a sentence following Francisco J. Vélez–Soto's guilty plea in a multi-defendant drug conspiracy case. While on bail pending sentencing in his federal case, appellant pled guilty to three state law crimes: second degree murder and two weapons law violations. Appellant contends that the district court's decision to impose a 280–month federal sentence to run concurrently with his state sentence was procedurally unsound and substantively unreasonable. Finding the sentence proper in all respects, we affirm.

I.
A. Factual Background

Given that this appeal follows a guilty plea, the facts are derived from the presentence investigation report (PSR), the change of plea colloquy, and the transcript of the sentencing hearing. See United States v. Whitlow, 714 F.3d 41, 42 (1st Cir.2013).

Beginning in 2000, and continuing until the return of the federal indictment, Vélez–Soto participated in a conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in the Candelaria, El Carmen, and Kennedy Public Housing Projects in Puerto Rico. Vélez– Soto served as a manager and enforcer for the drug trafficking organization. As a manager, he distributed narcotics to sellers for subsequent sale and distribution and was responsible for collecting the proceeds from drug sales and paying the street sellers. As an enforcer, he carried and possessed firearms in furtherance of the drug trafficking activities.

B. Procedural Background

On July 7, 2010, a Puerto Rico federal grand jury returned a six-count indictment charging Vélez–Soto and 102 co-conspirators with conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846, and 860 (Count One), among other offenses. Vélez–Soto entered a guilty plea to Count One pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1)(C). The plea agreement recommended as appropriate a prison term of 108 to 120 months.

On May 16, 2011, pending his federal sentencing, Vélez–Soto was charged in Commonwealth court with murder and weapons violations. He pled guilty to second degree murder and two counts of weapons law violations. On February 19, 2013, he was sentenced to 204 months' imprisonment: fifteen years and one day on the murder charge, to be served consecutively with one-year terms for each weapons violation.

On March 4, 2013, Vélez–Soto appeared for a pre-sentencing hearing on the federal drug conspiracy charge. The district court rejected Vélez–Soto's plea agreement, noting that Vélez–Soto breached it when he committed second degree murder while out on bail pending his federal sentencing. The court gave Vélez–Soto until March 20, 2013 to withdraw his guilty plea, which he declined to do.

The district court sentenced Vélez–Soto on June 18, 2013. Based on a total offense level of 31 and a criminal history category of III, the district court noted the guideline range of 135 to 168 months.1 The government requested a sentence “on the lower end” of the 108– to 120–month range specified in the plea agreement. Defense counsel requested a sentence of 108 months to run concurrently with his state sentence, and he asked that the court direct that the sentence be served in a federal facility. The district court sentenced Vélez–Soto to 280 months imprisonment, to be served concurrently with the 204–month sentence imposed in his state criminal case.2

Vélez–Soto filed a timely notice of appeal, asserting that the district court's sentence was procedurally unsound and substantively unreasonable.

II.
A. Standard of Review

We review federal criminal sentences imposed under the advisory Guidelines for abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007) ; United States v. Madera–Ortiz, 637 F.3d 26, 30 (1st Cir.2011). Within this framework, we review a district court's factual findings for clear error, and its interpretation and application of the Guidelines de novo. United States v. Walker,

665 F.3d 212, 232 (1st Cir.2011). Typically, our review of a sentence imposed under the Guidelines involves a two-step process. “First, we evaluate the procedural soundness of the sentence; second, we assay its substantive reasonableness.” Madera–Ortiz, 637 F.3d at 30. The “procedural dimension” of sentencing review includes the correctness of the court's application of the Guidelines, while [t]he substantive dimension focuses on the duration of the sentence in light of the totality of the circumstances.” United States v. Del Valle–Rodríguez, 761 F.3d 171, 176 (1st Cir.2014). Procedural errors amounting to an abuse of discretion include “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence-including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51, 128 S.Ct. 586. An error of law underlying a sentencing court's decision constitutes an abuse of discretion. See Walker, 665 F.3d at 223 (holding that “a material error of law is invariably an abuse of discretion”).

B. The Procedural Soundness of the Sentence

Vélez–Soto argues that the district court's decision not to impose a fully concurrent 108– to 120–month sentence, and its failure to consider the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c), rendered its sentence procedurally unsound.

A sentencing court has discretion to impose either a consecutive or a concurrent sentence when a defendant is subject to an undischarged state-court term of imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a). Nonetheless, in exercising this discretion, a sentencing court must consider the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), including any applicable sentencing Guidelines or policy statements. Id. § 3584(b) ; United States v. Carrasco–De–Jesús, 589 F.3d 22, 27 (1st Cir.2009). Although the Guidelines are no longer mandatory, district courts must still give respectful consideration to the now-advisory Guidelines (and their accompanying policy statements).’ United States v. Millán–Isaac, 749 F.3d 57, 67 (1st Cir.2014) (quoting Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 501, 131 S.Ct. 1229, 179 L.Ed.2d 196 (2011) ).

The applicable version of Guidelines § 5G1.3(b) provides for a concurrent or partially concurrent sentence when the defendant is subject to a previously imposed but undischarged term of imprisonment that has “resulted from another offense that is relevant conduct to the instant offense of conviction,” if the relevant conduct offense “was the basis for an increase in the offense level.” U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) (2012). To gain the benefit of § 5G1.3(b), “a defendant must prove that [he] satisfies each and every element of the guideline,” including that the charge underpinning the undischarged term of imprisonment was the basis for an increase in the offense level for the offense of conviction. Carrasco–De–Jesús, 589 F.3d at 27. Under § 5G1.3(c), a district court “may impose a sentence concurrently, partially concurrently, or consecutively” and [t]he end result need only be ‘reasonable.’ United States v. Vázquez–Alomar, 342 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.2003) (quoting United States v. Caraballo, 200 F.3d 20, 28 (1st Cir.1999) ).

Vélez–Soto did not claim that his undischarged state convictions were relevant conduct during his sentencing hearing, nor does he so claim on appeal. Moreover, because the district court accurately held that Vélez–Soto's state sentence for second degree murder did not involve relevant conduct, and therefore that § 5G1.3(b) did not apply, the court was under no obligation to impose a concurrent sentence. See Carrasco–De–Jesús, 589 F.3d at 27. In declining to impose a 108– to 120–month concurrent sentence, the district court stated:

I am not going to sentence concurrently [for 108 to 120 months] because I think it's—well it's totally unrelated conduct. This is a drug case, that's a murder case. If I sentence concurrently [for that number of months], basically he's getting a freebie for the murder or for the drugs.

The commentary to § 5G1.3(c) states that in determining whether to impose a concurrent, partially concurrent, or consecutive sentence to an undischarged term of imprisonment, the court “should consider” the following factors “to achieve a reasonable incremental punishment for the instant offense and avoid unwarranted disparity”:

(i) the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3584 (referencing 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) );
(ii) the type (e.g., determinate, indeterminate/parolable) and length of the prior undischarged sentence;
(iii) the time served on the undischarged sentence and the time likely to be served before release;
(iv) the fact that the prior undischarged sentence may have been imposed in state court rather than federal court, or at a different time before the same or different federal court; and
(v) any other circumstance relevant to the determination of an appropriate sentence for the instant offense.

U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 cmt. n. 3(A) (2012).

The sentencing transcript reveals that the district court evaluated the factors enumerated in the commentary to § 5G1.3(c). The district court noted the type and length of Vélez–Soto's state sentence,3 the time served on the undischarged state sentence and the time likely to be served before release,4 and it properly took into account that Vélez–Soto was convicted at the state level of second degree murder and firearms...

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