Gee v. Estes

• Decision Date: 28 September 1987
• Docket Number: 86-1397,Nos. 86-1176,s. 86-1176
• Citation: 829 F.2d 1005
• Parties: Donald GEE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Bill ESTES, Sheriff of Natrona County, M.J. McCarthy, Lt. Deputy, Natrona County, D. Brewster, Sgt. Deputy, Natrona County, Paul Brown, Deputy, Mike Jones, Deputy, Tim Uler, Deputy, Rodger (last name unknown), and other deputies whose names are unknown of Natrona County, C. Lauderdale, J. Cooper of Casper Police Dept. Investigators, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1005

829 F.2d 1005

Donald GEE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Bill ESTES, Sheriff of Natrona County, M.J. McCarthy, Lt. Deputy, Natrona County, D. Brewster, Sgt. Deputy, Natrona County, Paul Brown, Deputy, Mike Jones, Deputy, Tim Uler Deputy, Rodger (last name unknown), and other deputies whose names are unknown of Natrona County, C. Lauderdale, J Cooper of Casper Police Dept. Investigators, Defendants-Appellees.

Nos. 86-1176, 86-1397.

United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.

Sept. 28, 1987.

Donald Gee, pro se.

Cameron S. Walker of Schwartz, Bon, McCrary & Walker, Casper, Wyo., for defendants-appellees.

Before LOGAN and MOORE, Circuit Judges, and ROGERS, District Judge. ^*

PER CURIAM.

After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); Tenth Cir.R. 34.1.8(c) and 27.1.2. The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff, Donald Gee, is a federal prisoner, acting pro se and proceeding in forma pauperis, who commenced an action under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 against a county sheriff and several other police officers working at the Natrona County, Wyoming jail during his incarceration there. Among other allegations, plaintiff asserted that he was beaten by all except one of the defendants; defendants opened and read or destroyed his legal mail; he suffered hypothermia seizures from being put naked in a cell with no blankets in below forty-degree temperatures, where he was viewed by several women; he was denied needed medical services; he was denied food, served dirty food, or his food was thrown on the floor where he was told to eat it like a dog; he was placed in a cell infested with lice; he was not allowed to shower for two weeks at a time; while in a seizure he was left naked in a padded cell with his head in human excrement; and he was dragged into court with no clothing on except an oversized pair of trousers which dropped to his knees to expose him to the spectators.

These allegations, or some of them, state a claim for Sec. 1983 relief, if they are supported by evidence. The district court denied plaintiff's motion for appointment of counsel but allowed limited discovery. Apparently cognizant of the special problems of a pro se plaintiff incarcerated in a federal maximum security prison in another state, the district court referred the matter to a magistrate for an evidentiary hearing "[i]n order for the Court to better determine whether the Plaintiff is able to establish a sound basis of facts for his allegations...." I R. 18. The court order directed the hearing to be conducted by telephone conference call, allowing plaintiff and defendants to testify under oath and to call witnesses on their behalf. The order directed the magistrate to tender findings and recommendations to the district court. The court later characterized the hearing as one "on probable cause." I R. 24.

Although the district court did not so specify, we construe the reference to a magistrate to have been for a determination whether plaintiff's in forma pauperis complaint should be dismissed as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1915(d). Magistrates may properly be allowed to hear motions to dismiss in forma pauperis actions pursuant to Sec. 1915(d), Spears v. McCotter, 766 F.2d 179, 180-81 (5th Cir.1985), but 28 U.S.C. Sec. 636(b) narrowly prescribes the magistrate's power. Although Sec. 636(b)(1)(A) does not allow the magistrate to make a final ruling on motions to dismiss, Sec. 636(b)(1)(B) permits a magistrate to hear such motions referred by the district court and to submit proposed findings and recommendations to the district court. See Neal v. Miller, 542 F.Supp. 79, 81 (S.D.Ill.1982) (Sec. 636(b)(1)(B) authorizes and governs referral of Sec. 1915(d) motions to magistrate).

The hearing before the magistrate by telephone conference call was held on September 4, 1985. During the hearing the plaintiff remained in confinement in federal prison in Marion, Illinois. The magistrate filed proposed findings of fact and recommendations with the district court on December 26, 1985. He recommended that plaintiff's complaint be dismissed with prejudice. On December 30, 1985, the district court summarily adopted these proposed findings and recommendations and dismissed the complaint.

On appeal plaintiff asserts that the court erred in several respects: in ordering a telephone hearing, especially one in which plaintiff had trouble understanding testimony due to static and background noise; in not appointing counsel for plaintiff; in denying plaintiff the opportunity to communicate with his witnesses prior to the hearing; and in limiting the number of witnesses plaintiff could subpoena and the number of defendants he could cross-examine. Plaintiff filed timely objections in district court to the magistrate's recommendations. He did not object on appeal, however, as he might under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 636(b)(1), to the judge's adoption of the magistrate's recommendations before plaintiff had received a copy of the magistrate's order; nor did he challenge the district court's denial of his objections without listening to a tape of the hearing or reviewing a transcript of it.

We are reluctant to penalize a pro se litigant for his lack of knowledge of legal procedure. Further, to dispose of plaintiff's contentions properly we must consider the context in which the district judge and magistrate acted and the differences between a hearing to determine frivolousness of a plaintiff's allegations and a trial on the merits. We therefore consider plaintiff's contentions on appeal to be broad enough to encompass the Sec. 636(b)(1) procedural defects that we find require reversal and remand.

Prisoner pro se civil rights complaints concerning their imprisonment cannot always receive the same presumption of merit that attends cases filed by attorneys subject to the court's disciplinary sanctions. Prisoners with time on their hands may seek a short sabbatical in the form of a trip to court, and they may even use complaints to harass guards and other prison officials. In Martinez v. Aaron, 570 F.2d 317 (10th Cir. 1978), and Martinez v. Chavez, 574 F.2d 1043 (10th Cir. 1978), we approved what has come to be called a Martinez report. Under the Martinez procedure, the district judge or a United States magistrate to whom the matter has been referred will direct prison officials to respond in writing to the various allegations, supporting their response by affidavits and copies of internal disciplinary rules and reports. The purpose of the Martinez report is to ascertain whether there is a factual as well as a legal basis for the prisoner's claims. This, of course, will allow the court to dig beneath the conclusional allegations. These reports have proved useful to determine whether the case is so devoid of merit as to warrant dismissal without trial. Other circuits have utilized analogous procedures. See, e.g., Cay v. Estelle, 789 F.2d 318, 323 (5th Cir. 1986); Hendricks v. Havener, 587 F.2d 21 (8th Cir. 1978) (per curiam). There are limits, however, to what the court may do on the basis of a Martinez report; we have held, for example, that magistrates and judges may not make credibility determinations solely from conflicting affidavits. E.g., Collins v. Cundy, 603 F.2d 824, 825 (10th Cir.1979).

affidavits. E.g., Collins v. Cundy, 603 F.2d 824, 825 (10th Cir.1979).

In the instant case, it seems clear that the district court ordered use of the telephone evidentiary hearing as a part of or in lieu of a Martinez report, to help the court determine whether the complaint was frivolous or malicious. We approve of that procedure as a reasonable and laudable extension of the Martinez report technique.

Because only frivolousness or maliciousness is at issue, we have no problems with the district court's refusal to appoint counsel at this stage, nor with the magistrate's limitation to four on the number of witnesses plaintiff could subpoena, or his refusal to require all defendants to be available for cross-examination. The static on the telephone lines and limitations on plaintiff's ability to ask questions because he was in a prison setting and shackled do not bother us if the transcript or tape of the hearing demonstrates that he could follow what the other witnesses were saying and could intelligently respond. Nor do we think it important at this stage that the rules of the prison in which plaintiff was incarcerated severely limited his opportunities to communicate with his prospective witnesses. A relaxed standard similar to that in a criminal preliminary hearing seems appropriate because the issue at this stage is simply whether the case should proceed to trial. A dismissal with prejudice as frivolous will preclude a...