United States v. Chavez, 15–2007

• Citation: 833 F.3d 887
• Decision Date: 15 August 2016
• Docket Number: No. 15–2007,15–2007
• Parties: United States of America, Plaintiff–Appellee v. Antonio Morales Chavez, Defendant–Appellant
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit)

833 F.3d 887

United States of America, Plaintiff–Appellee

v.Antonio Morales Chavez, Defendant–Appellant

No. 15–2007

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: May 16, 2016

Filed: August 15, 2016

Counsel who represented the appellant was Bruce Nestor of Minneapolis, MN.

Counsel who represented the appellee was Jeffrey S. Paulsen, AUSA, of Minneapolis, MN.

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

RILEY

, Chief Judge.

Antonio Morales Chavez (Morales) claims the district court¹ erred in finding he obstructed justice and did not accept responsibility for his crimes. We disagree.

I. BACKGROUND

Morales was caught selling methamphetamine in Melrose, Minnesota, when his buyer turned out to be a police informant. A few days later, he was charged by complaint and released on bond. He then left for Mexico. He says he went to take care of his mother, who had cancer

and was facing surgery, and he did not tell the authorities because he was afraid they would not let him go. That was in 2004.

Morales returned to the United States in 2007, left again, and came back in 2008. Both times he reentered the country, he was inspected and admitted at the border after showing his lawful permanent resident card. After his return, he lived and worked in California, where he paid taxes and child support under his real name.

In 2013, Morales sent his name and fingerprints to the FBI for a criminal background check to see if he had an outstanding warrant.² He did. A bond-revocation hearing had been scheduled and a warrant issued for his arrest around the time he absconded to Mexico in 2004. Morales was then detained in the Eastern District of California and eventually transferred back to the District of Minnesota, where he stood trial and was found guilty of conspiring to distribute, possessing with the intent to distribute, and distributing methamphetamine, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)

, (b)(1), 846 ; see also 18 U.S.C. § 2(a) (accomplice liability).

In determining Morales's advisory sentence under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G. or Guidelines), the district court increased his offense level by two levels for obstructing justice, see U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1

, and refused to decrease it by two levels for accepting responsibility, see id.§ 3E1.1(a). Morales unsuccessfully contested both points. The Guidelines calculations resulted in an advisory range of 121 to 151 months in prison. The district court varied downward and sentenced Morales to 96 months in prison and three years of supervised release. On appeal, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291

(appellate jurisdiction), Morales challenges the rulings on the two adjustments.

II. DISCUSSION

With respect to the obstruction-of-justice adjustment, Morales's argument is not about what he did—in short, jumped bond and then lived abroad and in another state for nearly nine years—but whether his conduct satisfies the relevant section of the Guidelines. We review that legal question de novo. See United States v. Mashek, 406 F.3d 1012, 1017 (8th Cir. 2005)

.

Guidelines § 3C1.1(1)

calls for a two-level increase if “the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the [defendant's] instant offense of conviction.” Morales says his conduct was not willful, because he left to be with his sick mother, not to interfere with the investigation or prosecution of his case. Cf., e.g., United States v. Collins, 754 F.3d 626, 629 (8th Cir. 2014) (“In order to act willfully [for purposes of § 3C1.1 ], the defendant must ‘consciously act with the purpose of obstructing justice.’ ” (quoting United States v. Watts, 940 F.2d 332, 332–33 (8th Cir. 1991) )). But “[a] district court can find that a defendant consciously acts with the purpose of obstructing justice”—that is, acts willfully—“when his ‘misconduct occurs with knowledge of an investigation, or at least with a correct belief that an investigation is probably underway.’ ” Id. at 629–30 (quoting United States v. Dierling, 131 F.3d 722, 738 (8th Cir. 1997) ). After being arrested, consenting to searches of his trailer home and car, providing a detailed account of his activities to a police investigator, and being charged by complaint, Morales unquestionably knew the authorities were building a case against him. Whatever Morales's reasons for initially going to Mexico, they do not explain staying away for years afterward. Indeed, Morales's eventual decision to have the FBI check for outstanding warrants demonstrates his awareness that, notwithstanding his consistent use of his real name, his unexplained disappearance and continued absence from Minnesota might be standing in the way of efforts to bring him to justice.

Morales points out that an application note to § 3C1.1

lists “willfully failing to appear, as ordered , for a judicial proceeding” as an “example[ ] of the types of conduct to which this adjustment applies.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 application n.4(E) (emphasis added). Because he left the country before being ordered to make any appearances, Morales reasons, his conduct falls outside that provision. That may be true, but the list of examples in the note is explicitly “non-exhaustive,” id. and we have repeatedly upheld adjustments under § 3C1.1 for defendants who, like Morales, did not have any proceedings scheduled when they left town.³

See, e.g.,

Billingsley, 160 F.3d at 507

; United States v. Eagle, 133 F.3d 608, 611 (8th Cir. 1998). And the crux of how Morales obstructed justice was not just that he skipped a particular hearing, but that by living abroad and then resettling across the country he delayed the resolution of his case by almost a decade. The two-level increase was justified.

As for the two-level decrease Morales sought, generally “[c]onduct resulting in an enhancement under § 3C1.1

... indicates that the defendant has not accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 application n.4. The adjustment is also usually inapplicable “to a defendant who,” like Morales, “puts the government to its burden of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt.” Id.§ 3E1.1 application n.2. There may be “rare” exceptions to these rules in “extraordinary cases,” id.§ 3E1.1 application nn.2, 4, but Morales has not convinced us it was a clear error for the district court not to recognize his as such a special case. See, e.g., United States v. Muro, 357 F.3d 743, 744 (8th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (standard of review). Morales's cooperation with the police both times he was caught does not outweigh the years of obstruction he caused in between. Cf. id. at 744–45 (upholding the denial of an adjustment because the defendant “willfully chose the course of conduct that obstructed justice instead of choosing other options,” “failed to take any affirmative action to confirm his acceptance of responsibility after he fled,” and “merely provided an excuse for his flight”). And Morales's explanation that he felt compelled to go to trial despite acknowledging his guilt because “any plea agreement would ... have likely required ...