Slep-Tone Entm't Corp. v. Wired for Sound Karaoke & DJ Servs., LLC

• Citation: 845 F.3d 1246
• Decision Date: 18 January 2017
• Docket Number: No. 14-17229,14-17229
• Parties: SLEP-TONE ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION; Phoenix Entertainment Partners, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. WIRED FOR SOUND KARAOKE AND DJ SERVICES, LLC; Ernest Z. McCullar, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit)

845 F.3d 1246

SLEP-TONE ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION; Phoenix Entertainment Partners, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.WIRED FOR SOUND KARAOKE AND DJ SERVICES, LLC; Ernest Z. McCullar, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 14-17229

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted December 12, 2016, San Francisco, California

Filed January 18, 2017

James M. Harrington (argued), Harrington Law P.C., Pineville, North Carolina, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Lorraine Morey (argued), Morey Law PLLC, Phoenix, Arizona, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before: Susan P. Graber and Andrew D. Hurwitz, Circuit Judges, and Richard F. Boulware,^* District Judge.

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Karaoke is a "form of entertainment, originating in Japan, in which a person sings the vocal line of a popular song to the accompaniment of a pre-recorded backing tape, and the voice is electronically amplified through the loudspeaker system for the audience." OED Online (Dec. 2016), http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/243613. Plaintiff Slep-Tone Entertainment Corporation¹ produces karaoke music tracks. The tracks are marketed under the trademark "Sound Choice." Plaintiff releases them on compact discs encoded in a format known as "CD-G," which accompanies karaoke music with graphics, lyrics, and singing cues when played on compatible equipment.

Computer users are capable of copying the content of these CD-Gs onto computer hard drives as digital files; Plaintiff refers to this process as "media-shifting," but it is also popularly known as "ripping." Plaintiff acknowledges the convenience of digital files for karaoke operators (who need not use numerous CD-Gs during a performance), but also reports that this widespread practice, when combined with unauthorized file-sharing, "nearly drove [the company] out of business." In the past, Plaintiff "opposed all commercial media-shifting." Today, it allows the practice within the confines of a four-point "media-shifting policy" requiring that users make only one digital copy per source CD-G; that the physical media used to create the digital files are kept "on the shelf" unused; that users notify Plaintiff if they intend to create media-shifted copies; and that users submit to auditing for compliance with these conditions.

Defendants Ernest Z. McCullar and his business, Wired for Sound Karaoke and DJ Services, LLC, operate a karaoke business in the Phoenix area. As alleged in the complaint, Defendants use Plaintiff's Sound Choice tracks. In 2009, Plaintiff learned that Defendants were using unauthorized media-shifted files instead of Plaintiff's original CD-Gs. Plaintiff filed a federal action against Defendants, alleging trademark infringement. See Slep – Tone Entm't Corp. v. Gorrel , No. 2:09–cv–01462–HRH (D. Ariz. July 14, 2009). The parties entered a settlement agreement in 2010.

In the present action, Plaintiff once again claims that Defendants are performing karaoke shows using unauthorized media-shifted files. Plaintiff alleges, among other things, trademark infringement under the Lanham Act. The district court granted Defendants' motion to dismiss as to the claims for trademark infringement and unfair competition, holding that "[t]his attempt to stuff copyright claims into a trademark container fails." Plaintiff timely appeals.²

We "review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss." Schueneman v. Arena Pharm., Inc. , 840 F.3d 698, 704 n.5 (9th Cir. 2016). We agree with the district court that Plaintiff has not stated a claim under the Lanham Act, and we therefore affirm that holding.

Plaintiff argues that, by "media-shifting" Plaintiff's tracks from physical CD-Gs to digital files and performing them without authorization, Defendants have committed trademark infringement and unfair competition under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114, 1125. The Act creates a federal civil cause of action for unauthorized use of a registered trademark. The Lanham Act's provision concerning ordinary trademark infringement, known as section 32, defines infringement in relevant part as follows:

Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrant—

(a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or

(b) reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate a registered mark and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements intended to be used in commerce upon or in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive,

shall be liable in a civil action by the registrant for the remedies hereinafter provided.

15 U.S.C. § 1114(1). The Lanham Act's provision on unfair competition, section 43, provides:

Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which—

(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or

(B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities,

shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.

15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1). Both legal theories share a common inquiry: "[w]hether we call the violation infringement, unfair competition or false designation of origin, the test is identical—is there a ‘likelihood of confusion?’ " New W. Corp. v. NYM Co. of Cal. , 595 F.2d 1194, 1201 (9th Cir. 1979). Here, we conclude that there is not.

Plaintiff's theory is that, because the media-shifted files display Plaintiff's trademarks and trade dress when performed, consumers will be confused about their origin—believing that the tracks originated with Plaintiff, rather than with Defendants. But this theory does not involve consumer confusion about the source of an appropriate "good," as that concept has been defined by the Supreme Court. Instead, it alleges possible confusion over the source of content. Analyzing the Lanham Act's unfair competition provision, 15 U.S.C. § 1125, the Supreme Court has held that the statutory phrase "origin of goods" must "refer[ ] to the producer of the tangible goods that are offered for sale, and not to the author of any idea, concept, or communication embodied in those goods." Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. , 539 U.S. 23, 37, 123 S.Ct. 2041, 156 L.Ed.2d 18 (2003). The concept of origin is "incapable of connoting the person or entity that originated the ideas or communications that ‘goods'...