Howard v. Pung

• Decision Date: 14 February 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-5015,88-5015
• Citation: 862 F.2d 1348
• Parties: Donald Wayne HOWARD, Appellant, v. Orville PUNG, Commissioner of Corrections; and Frank Wood, Warden, Oak Park Heights Facility, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1348

862 F.2d 1348

Donald Wayne HOWARD, Appellant, v. Orville PUNG, Commissioner of Corrections; and Frank Wood Warden, Oak Park Heights Facility, Appellees.

No. 88-5015.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Oct. 21, 1988.

Decided Dec. 16, 1988.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Feb. 14, 1989.

Deborah Ellis, St. Paul, Minn., for appellant.

James B. Early, St. Paul, Minn., for appellees.

Before HEANEY and FAGG, Circuit Judges, and HENLEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

HENLEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

Donald Wayne Howard appeals from the district court's ¹ denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254, in which he challenged his Minnesota state court conviction for the first degree murder of his wife, Shirleen Howard. We affirm.

The facts of this case are fully set forth in the opinion of the Supreme Court of Minnesota affirming the partial denial of post-conviction relief. State v. Howard, 324 N.W.2d 216 (Minn. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1172, 103 S.Ct. 818, 74 L.Ed.2d 1016 (1983). Howard was convicted of hiring Bruce Webber to kill his wife. He had attempted to hire three other men to commit the killing before Webber ultimately agreed. ² After the killing occurred, the police obtained the cooperation of one of those men, Raymond Riniker. Riniker arranged a meeting with Howard at Howard's home. Before he went, a microphone/transmitter was taped to his chest underneath his shirt so that the police could monitor the conversation between the two men. During Riniker's visit, Howard made inculpatory statements concerning the death of his wife. When Riniker left the house, the police went to arrest Howard. They knocked on the door, at first receiving no response. Howard then came to the door, opening it and stepping back into the kitchen approximately three or four feet without speaking. The officers, who did not have an arrest warrant, entered and arrested Howard.

At the police station the police interrogated Howard. At one point he stated, "I don't think I'd better say any more--'til I have an attorney." The interrogating officer asked four more questions, then ceased the interrogation. The next morning, however, the interrogation continued. Howard asked, "Why don't I have an attorney here now?" The agent asked, "Would you rather have one present during our questioning?" Howard replied, "I guess not," and subsequently confessed to his involvement in the killing.

In his habeas petition, Howard contended that his conviction was obtained in violation of the fourth amendment on the ground that the warrantless arrest inside his home was illegal. He further contended that his confession was improperly admitted into evidence inasmuch as it was obtained after a request for counsel.

In Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 583-90, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 1378-82, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980), the Supreme Court held that in the absence of exigent circumstances the fourth amendment forbids warrantless, nonconsensual entry into the home of a suspect for the purpose of making an arrest. Howard contends that the police, who admittedly did not possess a warrant, did not have his consent to enter his home. However, fourth amendment claims, including those arising under Payton, may not be raised in a petition for habeas corpus when the state has afforded the petitioner a full and fair opportunity to litigate those claims. Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 96 S.Ct. 3037, 49 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1980); United States v. Johnson, 457 U.S. 537, 562 n. 20, 102 S.Ct. 2579, 2594 n. 20, 73 L.Ed.2d 202 (1982); see Gilbert v. Parke, 763 F.2d 821, 823-24 (6th Cir.1985) (applying Stone to a Payton claim).

Howard argues that he did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate his fourth amendment claim in state court because, he contends, the state court's factual finding of consent is not supported by the evidence. While the bar in Stone operates even when the state court has erroneously applied fourth amendment principles, Singleton v. Frey, 793 F.2d 212, 213 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 934, 107 S.Ct. 410, 93 L.Ed.2d 362 (1986), a state court evidentiary hearing may be less than full and fair if it yields factual determinations not fairly supported by the record as a whole. See Stone, 428 U.S. at 494 & n. 36, 96 S.Ct. at 3052 & n. 36 (citing Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 313, 83 S.Ct. 745, 757, 9 L.Ed.2d770 (1963)); see also Cody v. Solem, 755 F.2d 1323, 1329 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 833, 106 S.Ct. 104, 88 L.Ed.2d 84 (1985); Hines v. Auger, 550 F.2d 1094, 1097 (8th Cir.1977).

The state court found that Howard consented to the entry by the police, noting that he had given them a house key to enable them to search the premises, and that he stepped back three or four feet when he opened the door. Howard vigorously contends that he gave the police the key only for use when he was not at home, and that this did not amount to continuing consent to enter at any time. We might have some difficulty in disagreeing with this argument if the house key were the only evidence of Howard's consent. However, while we do not regard Howard's act of giving the house key to the police as dispositive, it does tend to show some willingness on his part to allow the police into his home. Moreover, while Howard's act of stepping back while opening the door perhaps should not necessarily be viewed by a finder of fact as a tacit consent to entry, such act considered along with his earlier act of having furnished a house key certainly provides substantial evidence of consent to entry. Consequently, we cannot conclude that the state court's factual determinations are not fairly supported by the record as a whole, and we hold that Howard did receive a full and fair opportunity to litigate his fourth amendment claim in state court. Further review by this court accordingly is barred. ³

Next, we turn to Howard's claim that his confession should have been excluded on the ground that it was given after he made a request for counsel. In Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981), the Supreme Court held that the fifth and fourteenth amendments require that questioning must cease when a criminal suspect asks for counsel. The state and federal courts found that Howard's request for counsel was equivocal, and not a "clear request" that would trigger the protection afforded by Edwards. An ambiguous or equivocal request may in some instances be sufficient to require that questioning cease until counsel may be obtained. United States v. Lame, 716 F.2d 515, 521 & n. 2 (8th Cir.1983); see McCree v. Housewright, 689 F.2d 797, 801 (8th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1088, 103 S.Ct. 1782, 76 L.Ed.2d 352 (1983).

However, assuming for argument's sake that Howard was entitled to the benefit of Edwards, we conclude that any error in admitting his confession was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967); Johnson v. Nix, 763 F.2d 344, 346-47 ...