U.S. v. Connell, 88-1110

• Decision Date: 16 March 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-1110,88-1110
• Citation: 869 F.2d 1349
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Walter J. CONNELL, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1349

869 F.2d 1349

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Walter J. CONNELL, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.

No. 88-1110.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Dec. 12, 1988.

Decided March 16, 1989.

Hayden Aluli, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Honolulu, Hawaii, for defendant-appellant.

Janet H. Fenton, Sp. Asst. U.S. Atty., and Lawrence Tong, Asst. U.S. Atty., Honolulu, Hawaii, for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.

Before HUG and KOZINSKI, Circuit Judges, and GRAY ^*, District Judge.

HUG, Circuit Judge:

In this appeal, Walter Connell challenges his conviction for theft of personal property within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 661 (1982). He claims that the Miranda warnings he was given were inadequate and that suppression of his subsequent confession was therefore required. Because we conclude that the warnings Connell received failed adequately to apprise him of his right to appointed counsel, if he could not afford one, we reverse. ¹

I. BACKGROUND

On September 23, 1985, Walter Connell was arrested pursuant to a report that he was driving a vehicle the rear tires of which had been stolen. Because the theft allegedly took place on the grounds of Fort Shafter, a military installation in Hawaii, it fell within the jurisdiction of the United States and was handled by the military police. After he was taken into custody, Connell was advised of his Miranda rights by Anthony Hirsch, a military police investigator. As was his usual practice, Officer Hirsch handed Connell a standardized Miranda waiver form and asked him to read his rights from the front of the form. While Connell was doing this, Officer Hirsch advised him orally of his Miranda rights by reading them verbatim from the back of the form. Thus, Connell received simultaneously two versions of the Miranda litany.

With regards to his right to counsel, the two warnings Connell received were not identical. Orally, Connell was informed as follows:

You have the right to talk privately to a lawyer before, during, and after questioning and to have a lawyer present with you during questioning. However, you must make your own arrangements to obtain a lawyer and this will be at no expense to the Government. If you cannot afford to pay for a lawyer, one may be appointed to represent you (emphasis added).

In contrast, the written warning stated:

I have the right to talk privately to a lawyer before, during, and after questioning and to have a lawyer present with me during questioning. However, I understand that I must make my own arrangements to obtain a lawyer and this will be at no expense to the Government. I further understand that if I cannot afford to pay for a lawyer and want one arrangements will be made for me to obtain a lawyer in accordance with the law (emphasis added).

After receiving these warnings and signing the waiver form, Connell confessed to the theft of the tires.

At his bench trial on the theft charge, the magistrate admitted Connell's confession into evidence over defense counsel objection. Connell was subsequently found guilty by the magistrate and sentenced to a probationary term. After his motion for a new trial (which alleged, inter alia, that the Miranda warnings he received were inadequate) was denied, Connell appealed to the district court. His conviction was affirmed and this appeal followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 (1982).

II. ADEQUACY OF MIRANDA WARNINGS

A. Standard of Review

Whether Connell was given adequate Miranda warnings is a question of law that is reviewed de novo by the appellate court. See Territory of Guam v. Snaer, 758 F.2d 1341, 1342 n. 1 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 828, 106 S.Ct. 90, 88 L.Ed.2d 74 (1985); United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 614 (9th Cir.1984). "De novo review is appropriate because the adequacy of Miranda warnings involves application of a legal standard to a set of facts, which 'require[s] the consideration of legal concepts and involves the exercise of judgment about the values underlying legal principles.' " United States v. Doe, 819 F.2d 206, 210 n. 1 (9th Cir.1985) (Fletcher, J., concurring) (quoting United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1202 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 824, 105 S.Ct. 101, 83 L.Ed.2d 46 (1984)), modifying 787 F.2d 1290 (9th Cir.1985) and 764 F.2d 695 (9th Cir.1985). In contrast, "the factual findings underlying the adequacy challenge, such as what a defendant was told, are subject to clearly erroneous review." Id.

B. Discussion

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), affords all individuals the right to be informed, prior to custodial interrogation, "that [they have] the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if [they] cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for [them] prior to any questioning if [they] so desire[ ]." Id. at 479, 86 S.Ct. at 1630. The Supreme Court has made clear that no "talismanic incantation" of this warning is necessary to satisfy the strictures of Miranda. See California v. Prysock, 453 U.S. 355, 359, 101 S.Ct. 2806, 2809, 69 L.Ed.2d 696 (1981) (per curiam); see also Noti, 731 F.2d at 614 (Supreme Court does not require verbatim recitation of Miranda warnings as long as they are not misleading). Rather, what Miranda requires "is meaningful advice to the unlettered and unlearned in language which [they] can comprehend and on which [they] can knowingly act." Coyote v. United States, 380 F.2d 305, 308 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 992, 88 S.Ct. 489, 19 L.Ed.2d 484 (1967); see also Prysock, 453 U.S. at 364 n. 3, 101 S.Ct. at 2812 n. 3 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (quoting Coyote ).

In the instant case, Connell was given both oral and written Miranda warnings before he confessed. Connell argues that the simultaneous use of two different versions of the Miranda warning is inherently misleading and confusing. He further contends that, taken together, the warnings he was given failed adequately to advise him that he had the right to the presence of an appointed attorney before questioning commenced and during any subsequent interrogation.

It is clear that otherwise unobjectionable Miranda warnings will not be found inadequate simply because they fail explicitly to state that an individual's right to appointed counsel encompasses the right to have that counsel present prior to and during questioning. Rather, where individuals have been separately advised both of their right to counsel before and during questioning and of their right to appointed counsel, reviewing courts will assume that a logical inference has been made--that is, that appointed counsel is available throughout the interrogation process. This circuit's decision in United States v. Noa, 443 F.2d 144 (9th Cir.1971), is illustrative. In Noa, the appellant was advised as follows: "You have the right to talk to a lawyer for advice before we ask you any questions and to have him with you during questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for you if you wish." Id. at 145. Finding that this warning survived constitutional challenge, the panel stated:

We hold that the language used in the warning given to appellant, in which the reference to the right to appointed counsel immediately followed the reference to the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning, conveyed the substance of a warning of the right to consult with appointed counsel prior to and during questioning.

Id. at 146; accord Prysock, 453 U.S. at 356-57, 360-61, 101 S.Ct. at 2807-08, 2809-10 (statements "You have the right to talk to a lawyer before you are questioned, have him present with you while you are being questioned, and all during the questioning" and "you have the right to have a lawyer appointed to represent you at no cost to yourself" sufficient to convey right to appointed lawyer prior to and during interrogation); Coyote, 380 F.2d at 307-08 (warnings adequately conveyed right to appointed counsel before and during questioning where appellant was informed that "before making any statement he could consult with a lawyer of his own choice and in the event he was without funds to hire a lawyer, the judge would appoint or provide one for him").

Thus, we have found a warning adequate, though there has been a failure to state explicitly that appointed counsel is available prior to and during questioning, when the existence of this right can easily be inferred from the warnings actually given. We reject as fatally flawed, however, a version of the Miranda litany if the combination or wording of its warnings is in some way affirmatively misleading, making such an inference less readily available. Thus, for example, in United States v. Garcia, 431 F.2d 134 (9th Cir.1970) (per curiam), we found warnings inadequate where a suspect was told at one point that she had a right to the presence of counsel "when she answered any questions" but was later informed that she could obtain appointed counsel only upon appearance before "the U.S. Commissioner or the Court." Id. at 134. Reference to the ability to procure appointed counsel only at some unspecified future time, we concluded, negates the inference that the suspect had an immediate right to appointed counsel "before she said a word." Id.; see also Prysock, 453 U.S. at 360, 101 S.Ct. at 2809 (noting that Garcia is a case of the type where reference to the right to appointed counsel was linked with some future point in time after the current police interrogation and therefore did not fully advise the suspect of her rights).

A similar set of warnings was rejected by the Seventh Circuit in United States ex rel....