Fourstar v. Garden City Grp., Inc.

Citation875 F.3d 1147
Decision Date28 November 2017
Docket NumberNo. 15-5049,15-5049
Parties Victor Charles FOURSTAR, Jr., Appellant v. GARDEN CITY GROUP, INC., et al., Appellees.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (District of Columbia)

Jonathan D. Kossak, appointed by the court, argued the cause as amicus curiae in support of appellant. With him on the briefs were Anthony F. Shelley and Dawn E. Murphy–Johnson, appointed by the court.

Victor C. Fourstar Jr., pro se, filed the brief for appellant.

Jane M. Lyons, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the cause for federal appellees. With her on the brief was R. Craig Lawrence, Assistant U.S. Attorney.

Before: Kavanaugh and Millett, Circuit Judges, and Williams, Senior Circuit Judge.

Kavanaugh, Circuit Judge:

In 1996, Congress passed and President Clinton signed the Prison Litigation Reform Act, known as the PLRA. The Act sought to stem the tide of frivolous litigation filed in federal court by some federal and state prisoners.

Under the Act, a dismissal of a prisoner's lawsuit for failure to state a claim, or as frivolous or malicious, is commonly referred to as a strike. With some limited exceptions, the Act's basic rule is this: Three strikes and the prisoner is out of court. Specifically, a prisoner who has previously filed three lawsuits that were dismissed for failure to state a claim, or as frivolous or malicious, will ordinarily not be granted in forma pauperis status to file a new lawsuit.

This case presents two questions about the operation of the PLRA. First, suppose a prisoner brings a suit with both federal and state claims. Suppose that the district court dismisses the prisoner's federal claims for failure to state a claim, or as frivolous or malicious, but declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the prisoner's state-law claims. Does that disposition count as a strike under the PLRA? Second, suppose that the district court when dismissing a case contemporaneously labels the case as a strike for purposes of the Act. When the prisoner later seeks to file a new suit, may the later district court simply defer to the earlier district court's labeling of the dismissal as a strike, or must the later district court decide for itself whether the previous dismissal counts as a strike?

The text of the Act resolves those questions. First, the text identifies the circumstances in which dismissal of a prisoner's lawsuit counts as a strike: when the case is dismissed for failure to state a claim, or as frivolous or malicious. For a case to count as a strike, all of a prisoner's claims in the case must be dismissed on one of those enumerated grounds. A case in which a district court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a prisoner's state-law claims does not come within that description and therefore does not count as a strike. Second, the Act does not require or allow a later district court to simply defer to an earlier district court's contemporaneous statement that a dismissal counts as a strike. The later district court must independently evaluate whether the prior dismissals were dismissed on one of the enumerated grounds and therefore count as strikes.

In this case, applying those principles, we conclude that Fourstar has only one strike. As a result, absent any other ground on which his in forma pauperis status may properly be denied, he is entitled to in forma pauperis status and may maintain his lawsuit. We therefore reverse the judgment of the District Court denying Fourstar in forma pauperis status and dismissing his case.

I

On December 19, 2014, while in federal prison, Fourstar filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia alleging constitutional violations by several U.S. government officials. Along with his complaint, Fourstar filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis. A party who is unable to pay the fees and costs associated with filing a lawsuit may apply to proceed in forma pauperis and be excused from paying those fees and costs.

The District Court denied Fourstar's application to proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed Fourstar's suit. The District Court denied in forma pauperis status because Fourstar had accumulated at least three strikes under the PLRA and therefore was barred from proceeding in forma pauperis.

The District Court counted three prior cases filed by Fourstar as strikes: Fourstar v. Murlak , No. 07–cv–5892, 2010 WL 2163993 (C.D. Cal. May 26, 2010) ; Fourstar v. Ness , No. 4:05–cv–108 (D. Mont. Apr. 26, 2006); and Fourstar v. Zemyan , No. 4:08–cv–50 (D. Mont. Aug. 26, 2008).1

The district court in Murlak concluded that Fourstar's complaint was frivolous and failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Fourstar correctly concedes that the District Court here properly counted Murlak as a strike.

The district court in Ness dismissed Fourstar's federal claims because he failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. But in that case, Fourstar also brought state-law claims. The Ness district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Fourstar's state-law claims because they presented novel applications of state law. For present purposes, it bears mention that the Ness district court also expressly stated in its order that the case should count as a strike against Fourstar under the PLRA.

The district court in Zemyan dismissed Fourstar's complaint for lack of jurisdiction and dismissed his state-law claims without prejudice. Like the district court in Ness , the district court in Zemyan stated that the dismissal should count as a strike against Fourstar.

Fourstar argues that Ness and Zemyan should not count as strikes. Our review of the legal issues raised by his appeal is de novo.

II

The relevant section of the PLRA provides that a prisoner may not proceed in forma pauperis if the prisoner has three strikes: "In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).

Fourstar argues that the Ness and Zemyan dismissals should not count as strikes. He contends that the district courts in those two cases did not dismiss all of Fourstar's claims on grounds enumerated in the PLRA. And he says that the Ness and Zemyan district courts' express statements that the cases counted as strikes were incorrect and should receive no deference from the District Court here.

A

Does a case count as a strike when a district court dismisses a prisoner's federal claims for failure to state a claim, or as frivolous or malicious, but declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the prisoner's state-law claims? The answer is no.

The text of the Act and our decision in Thompson v. DEA , 492 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2007), guide our analysis. In Thompson , this Court held that dismissals for lack of jurisdiction do not count as strikes. The Court reasoned that all of the claims in a case must be dismissed on grounds enumerated in the PLRA in order for the case to count as a strike. The Court explained that the PLRA "speaks of the dismissal of actions and appeals, not claims. Indeed, it would make no sense to say—where one claim within an action is dismissed for failing to state a claim and another succeeds on the merits—that the action had been dismissed for failing to state a claim." Id. at 432 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The Court concluded that if "at least one claim within an action or appeal falls outside section 1915(g), the action or appeal does not count as a strike." Id. at 440 ; see also Mitchell v. Federal Bureau of Prisons , 587 F.3d 415, 418 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (case does not count as strike if case was "dismissed or disposed of, at least in part, for reasons other than being frivolous, malicious, or failing to state a claim upon which relief may be granted").

Our Thompson decision is consistent with the decisions of at least seven other courts of appeals that have similarly concluded that a case counts as a strike only if all of the claims were dismissed on grounds enumerated in the PLRA. We are aware of no court of appeals that has ruled otherwise. See, e.g. , Brown v. Megg , 857 F.3d 287, 288 (5th Cir. 2017) (A "strike does not issue when only some claims are dismissed on section 1915(g) grounds."); Daker v. Commissioner, Georgia Department of Corrections , 820 F.3d 1278, 1283–84 (11th Cir. 2016) (internal citation and quotations omitted) ("Three specific grounds render a dismissal a strike: frivolous, malicious, and fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Under the negative-implication canon, these three grounds are the only grounds that can render a dismissal a strike."); Byrd v. Shannon , 715 F.3d 117, 125 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal citations omitted) ("We agree with the majority of our sister courts of appeals that § 1915(g) requires that a prisoner's entire action or appeal be dismissed on enumerated grounds in order for the dismissal to count as a strike."); Taylor v. Hull , 538 Fed.Appx. 734, 735 (8th Cir. 2013) (internal citation omitted) ("The plain language in § 1915(g) requires that the entire action be dismissed on one or more of three enumerated grounds, i.e., as frivolous, malicious, or for failing to state a claim."); Tolbert v. Stevenson , 635 F.3d 646, 651 (4th Cir. 2011) (footnote omitted) ("Accordingly, we conclude that ‘action’ in § 1915(g) unambiguously means an entire case or suit. Therefore, § 1915(g) requires that a prisoner's entire ‘action or appeal’ be dismissed on enumerated grounds in order to count as a strike."); Turley v. Gaetz , 625 F.3d...

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    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (3rd Circuit)
    • October 29, 2021
    ...do not sit as a court of appeals to say what the district court should have done on the merits. Fourstar v. Garden City Grp., Inc. , 875 F.3d 1147, 1152–53 & n.2 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (Kavanaugh, J.).4 In an unpublished opinion, we have stated that Heck dismissals are for failure to state a clai......
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    • September 27, 2021
    ...D.C. Circuit and the Ninth Circuit have reached the same conclusion—a mixed dismissal is not a strike. See Fourstar v. Garden City Grp., Inc. , 875 F.3d 1147, 1150–51 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ; Harris v. Harris , 935 F.3d 670, 674 (9th Cir. 2019). Four other Circuit Courts have considered whether a......
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    ...Circuit and the Ninth Circuit have reached the same conclusion-a mixed dismissal is not a strike. See Fourstar v. Garden City Grp., Inc., 875 F.3d 1147, 1150-51 (D.C. Cir. 2017); Harris v. Harris, 935 F.3d 670, 674 (9th Cir. 2019). Four other Circuit Courts have considered whether a dismiss......
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