State v. Wilkinson

• Decision Date: 08 April 2005
• Docket Number: No. 03-363.,03-363.
• Citation: 879 A.2d 445
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Ricky N. WILKINSON.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

879 A.2d 445

STATE of Vermont v. Ricky N. WILKINSON.

No. 03-363.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

April 8, 2005.

Motion for Reargument Denied June 1, 2005.

William D. Wright, Bennington County State's Attorney, and Brian K. Marthage, Deputy State's Attorney, Bennington, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Allison N. Fulcher of Martin & Associates, Barre, for Defendant-Appellant. Present: DOOLEY, JOHNSON, SKOGLUND and REIBER, JJ., and ALLEN, C.J. (Ret.), Specially Assigned

REIBER, J.

¶ 1. Defendant appeals from a conviction of first-degree aggravated domestic assault. Defendant contends that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront the victim, a convicted perjurer, and his due process rights by barring the victim's testimony at trial and by admitting into evidence an excited utterance the victim made after the assault. We affirm.

I.

¶ 2. The State charged defendant with first-degree aggravated domestic assault for pointing a gun at and threatening to kill his stepson, Tom. See 13 V.S.A. § 1043(a)(2) (criminalizing the use or attempted use of a deadly weapon against a family or household member). The charge arose from events that took place at defendant's home while he was intoxicated. Defendant and his wife had an argument that escalated to the point where defendant threatened to kill the family dog. Someone present in the home at the time called the police, and defendant fled. The police arrived and eventually took defendant's wife to the police station so that she could give a statement. When the wife returned home, she saw Tom and a friend outside. The friend warned her that defendant had a gun. At some point, Tom and defendant's daughter went inside the home and found defendant with a gun, yelling, "[s]omebody's going to die today." Defendant pointed the gun at Tom. The police were summoned again and arrived shortly thereafter.

¶ 3. Before trial, the State informed the court that Tom had been convicted of perjury, and therefore he was incompetent to testify pursuant to 13 V.S.A. § 2907, which provides that "[t]he oath of a person convicted of perjury ... shall not be received in a proceeding in court." The State intended to introduce Tom's statements about the events through defendant's cousin. Tom visited defendant's cousin after defendant threatened him. Tom apparently told the cousin that: (1) he was afraid; (2) defendant had pulled a gun on him; (3) he had never been so scared in his whole life; and (4) he thought defendant was going to kill him. Defendant's counsel objected to the State's proffer and argued that admitting Tom's hearsay statements would violate defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser. The trial court concluded that § 2907 precluded Tom from testifying in court and deferred ruling on the admission of Tom's statements as the trial proceeded.

¶ 4. Ultimately, the trial court determined that Tom's statement to defendant's cousin was admissible as an excited utterance. The court concluded that an excited utterance falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception, and therefore the admission of Tom's statement did not violate defendant's constitutional right to confront his accuser. At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury found defendant guilty of aggravated domestic assault, and the court sentenced him to a prison term of ten to fifteen years. Defendant appealed.

II.

¶ 5. On appeal, defendant argues that admitting Tom's excited utterance violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser. Defendant also argues that the court should have excluded Tom's statement because convicted perjurers are barred by 13 V.S.A. § 2907 from testifying in court. Finally, defendant argues that he was deprived of his right to present a defense. We address each claim in turn. ¶ 6. The Confrontation Clause states that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him." U.S. Const. amend. VI. After the trial court's decision in this case, the United States Supreme Court decided Crawford v. Washington, which held that "[w]here testimonial evidence is at issue... the Sixth Amendment demands what the common law required: unavailability and a prior opportunity for cross-examination." 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004) (emphasis added). If a statement offered against a defendant is not testimonial, its admission does not violate the Confrontation Clause; rather, state evidentiary rules govern the admissibility of these statements. Id. The statement at issue in Crawford was a recorded statement that the defendant's wife made during a police interrogation. Defendant had no opportunity to cross-examine his wife during the interrogation. Due to the marital privilege, the wife could not testify against defendant and was therefore unavailable at trial. The Supreme Court concluded that admitting the wife's recorded statement violated the Confrontation Clause because the statement — elicited by police interrogation — was testimonial and the defendant had no opportunity to cross-examine the wife. Id. at 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354. Thus, defendant's Confrontation Clause claim here turns on whether Tom's statement to defendant's cousin was testimonial.

¶ 7. Defendant argues that Tom's statement was testimonial because by the time Tom made the statement the police were investigating the incident at defendant's house. Thus, defendant contends, Tom knew that the police would want to get a statement from him and that the prosecution would use what he said at trial. We conclude that Tom's statement to defendant's cousin was not testimonial and that no constitutional violation occurred by admitting the statement into evidence.

¶ 8. The Crawford Court explained that testimony is "typically `[a] solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.'" Id. at 51, 124 S.Ct. 1354 (quoting 1 N. Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)). The Court declined to define "testimonial" comprehensively, id. at 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354, but it provided examples fitting the above definition: prior testimony at a preliminary hearing; pretrial statements that a declarant would reasonably expect to be used by the prosecution; "extrajudicial statements ... contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, or confessions" and "statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial." Id. at 51-52, 124 S.Ct. 1354 (quotations and citations omitted). These practices, the Court explained, bear the "closest kinship to the abuses at which the Confrontation Clause was directed." Id. at 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354. And, the Court recognized, "[a]n accuser who makes a formal statement to government officers bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual remark to an acquaintance does not." Id. at 51, 124 S.Ct. 1354.

¶ 9. Recent case law from other jurisdictions further defines what statements are "testimonial." In United States v. Saget, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that a statement made to a confidential informant, whose status was unknown to the declarant, was not testimonial under Crawford. 377 F.3d 223, 229 (2d Cir.2004). The court reasoned that the statement was not made in the context of a formal interrogation or other structured environment, and the declarant had no knowledge that the informant was an agent of law enforcement officials. Id. at 228. Other examples of nontestimonial statements include a domestic assault victim's call to a 911 operator, People v. Moscat, 3 Misc.3d 739, 777 N.Y.S.2d 875, 880 (N.Y.City Crim.Ct.2004), and a child's excited utterance to her mother following a sexual assault, In re Doe, 140 Idaho 873, 103 P.3d 967, 972 (Ct.App.2004). In contrast, a plea allocution is considered testimonial because the defendant is under oath and the statement is given formally in court and in response to questioning by the court or the prosecutor. United States v. McClain, 377 F.3d 219, 221 (2d Cir.2004).

¶ 10. In the present case, Tom's excited utterance to defendant's cousin shortly after defendant threatened to kill him was not testimonial. In contrast to the wife's statement in Crawford, the statement at issue in this case was not given to the police and did not occur during the course of the police investigation. The statement was made to an individual who had no relationship to the prosecution. Additionally, no police were present at the cousin's home, Tom was not under oath, his statement was not a product of the adversarial process, and no one was examining Tom for the purpose of collecting information. Tom's statement, like the nontestimonial statement in Saget, was not made in the context of a formal interrogation or other structured environment. Rather, as the trial court found, Tom was excitedly expressing his fear to a friend. We therefore conclude that Tom's hearsay statement to defendant's cousin was not testimonial and the Confrontation Clause did not bar its admission against defendant.

¶ 11. Defendant next argues that Tom's excited utterance, while admissible under V.R.E. 803(2) as a hearsay exception, is barred by 13 V.S.A. § 2907. Defendant contends that § 2907 prohibits the court from admitting Tom's excited utterance because Tom is a convicted perjurer and thus legally incompetent to testify in court. Defendant asserts that the Legislature did not intend to permit a convicted perjurer's statements, otherwise barred by § 2907, to come in under a hearsay exception.

¶ 12. Section 2907 states: "The oath of a person convicted of perjury ... shall not be received in a proceeding in court." The statute prevents a court from accepting a convicted perjurer's oath, and thereby excludes any sworn...