United States v. Márquez-García, 16-1294

• Decision Date: 05 July 2017
• Docket Number: No. 16-1294,16-1294
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Kelvin MÁRQUEZ–GARCÍA, Defendant, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

862 F.3d 143

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,

v.Kelvin MÁRQUEZ–GARCÍA, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 16-1294

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

July 5, 2017

Irma R. Valldejuli, San Juan, PR, on brief for appellant.

Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez, United States Attorney, Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, and Mainon A. Schwartz, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.

Before Torruella, Selya and Thompson, Circuit Judges.

SELYA, Circuit Judge.

Defendant-appellant Kelvin Márquez-García mounts a multifaceted challenge, on both procedural and substantive grounds, to a 24-month sentence imposed following the revocation of a term of supervised release. After careful consideration, we summarily affirm. See 1st Cir. R. 27.0(c).

I .

We briefly rehearse the relevant facts. In December of 2012, the appellant pleaded guilty to the unlawful possession of a machine gun. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(o). The district court sentenced him to a 21-month term of immurement, to be followed by three years of supervised release. The appellant served his prison sentence and embarked upon his supervised release term in August of 2014. Two days shy of a year later, he was found to be in possession of yet another gun.

In due course, the appellant pleaded guilty to a charge of being a felon in possession of a firearm. See id. § 922(g)(1). For this offense, the district court imposed a fresh 48-month term of imprisonment, to be followed by three more years of supervised release. No disposition was made at that time with respect to the appellant's apparent violation of his original supervised release term.

In September of 2015, the probation officer moved to revoke the original supervised release term based on the conduct underlying the appellant's felon-in-possession charge. The district court convened a revocation hearing, at which the appellant conceded the violation. The court revoked the original period of supervision; noted that the appellant's felon-in-possession conviction was a Grade B violation, see USSG § 7B1.1(a)(2) ; and calculated the advisory guideline sentencing range (GSR) at four to ten months, see id. § 7B1.4(a). Because the underlying offense (unlawful possession of a machine gun) was a Class C felony, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(a)(2), 3559(a), the maximum permitted term of imprisonment was 24 months, see id. § 3583(e)(3).

The appellant urged the court to sentence him at the bottom of the GSR. The government asked for a sentence at the top of the GSR. After considering the sentencing factors limned in 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e), the court sentenced the appellant to a 24-month term of immurement, to run consecutively to his 48-month sentence on the felon-in-possession charge. This timely appeal followed.

II .

The appellant challenges his revocation sentence on both procedural and substantive grounds. We discuss his claims of error one by one.

A .

To begin, the appellant asserts that the district court failed to give due consideration to the section 3583(e) factors. As a general matter, appellate courts review preserved claims of sentencing error for abuse of discretion. See Gall v. United States , 552 U.S. 38, 41, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007). But when a party has failed to raise a particular claim of error before the sentencing court, appellate review is normally limited to plain error. See United States v. Ruiz-Huertas , 792 F.3d 223, 226 (1st Cir.), cert. denied , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 258, 193 L.Ed.2d 191 (2015). To vault the formidable hurdle imposed by plain error review, an appellant must show "(1) that an error occurred (2) which was clear or obvious and which not only (3) affected the [appellant's] substantial rights, but also (4) seriously impaired the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings." United States v. Duarte , 246 F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir. 2001). Because the appellant raises his section 3583(e) claim for the first time on appeal, our review is for plain error.

Section 3583(e) sets forth various factors that a sentencing court must consider before imposing a revocation sentence. This statute incorporates some, but not all, of the familiar sentencing factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See United States v. Vargas-Dávila , 649 F.3d 129, 131 (1st Cir. 2011). These incorporated factors include, as relevant here, the history and characteristics of the offender, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) ; the nature and circumstances of the new offense, see id. ; the need to deter further criminal conduct, see id. § 3553(a)(2)(B) ; and the need to protect the community from the offender's penchant for criminal behavior, see id. § 3553(a)(2)(C). Although a sentencing court must consider each of the factors that section 3583(e) identifies, the court is not obliged to address these factors "one by one, in some sort of rote incantation when explicating its sentencing decision." United States v. Dixon , 449 F.3d 194, 205 (1st Cir. 2006). Rather, the court need only identify the principal factors upon which it relies to reach its sentencing decision. See United States v. Turbides-Leonardo , 468 F.3d 34, 40-41 (1st Cir. 2006).

During the revocation hearing, the district court stated that it had considered all of the section 3553(a) factors. This statement, in and of itself, is "entitled to significant weight." United States v. Santiago-Rivera , 744 F.3d 229, 233 (1st Cir. 2014). Here, moreover, the court made particular reference to those factors that it found most salient: the appellant's criminal history, the serious nature and circumstances of his new offense, the risk that his recidivist behavior posed to the community, and the need to deter future criminal conduct. The fact that the court did not explicitly mention the rest of the section 3583(e) factors in its analysis does not mean that it failed to consider them. See Turbides-Leonardo , 468 F.3d at 41 (explaining that, in this context, "silence is not necessarily fatal"). We hold, therefore, that the sentencing court committed nothing approaching plain error with respect to its treatment of the section 3583(e) factors.

B .

Relatedly, the appellant claims for the first time on appeal that the district court erred in considering certain factors before imposing his revocation sentence. Specifically, he takes issue with the court's reliance on the serious nature of his new offense and the risk that his criminal behavior posed to the community. The appellant contends that courts may only consider such factors when imposing a sentence for the offense that triggered revocation, not when imposing the revocation sentence itself.

We review the appellant's contention for plain error and discern none. The contention contradicts the clear language of section 3583(e), which expressly incorporates the strictures of section 3553(a) requiring sentencing courts to consider "the nature and circumstances of the offense," 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), and the need "to protect the public from further crimes of the [offender]," id. § 3553(a)(2)(C), before revoking a supervised release term and imposing sentence. See id. § 3583(e)(3). Consequently, it was both necessary and proper for the district court to consider the challenged factors when imposing the revocation sentence.¹

C .

Next, the appellant argues that the district court erred by mischaracterizing his underlying machine gun offense as a Class C felony rather than a Class A felony. This argument lacks force.

The maximum sentence for unlawful possession of a machine gun is ten years. See id. § 924(a)(2). Since Class C felonies are offenses that bear incarcerative terms of 10 to 25 years, see id. § 3559(a)(3), the appellant's original offense was—as the district court ruled—a Class C felony.

We add, moreover, that the revocation of a supervised release term imposed for the commission of a Class A felony is subject to a five-year maximum sentence. See id. § 3583(e)(3). By contrast, the revocation of a supervised release term imposed for the commission of a Class C felony is subject to a two-year maximum sentence. See id. In this instance, the sentencing court properly identified the applicable statutory maximum revocation sentence (two years). Given the facts of this case, there is no reason to believe that an error in the classification of the underlying felony (if one occurred) was anything but harmless.

D .

The appellant's last claim of procedural error is that the district court failed adequately to explain its reasoning for imposing an upwardly variant sentence. This claim was not advanced below and, thus, engenders plain error review. See Ruiz-Huertas , 792 F.3d at 226.

The Supreme Court has admonished that a sentencing court ought to state its reasons for imposing a particular sentence, "including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range." Gall , 552 U.S. at 50-51, 128 S.Ct. 586. Such an explanation, though, need not be "precise to the point of pedantry." United States v. Del Valle-Rodríguez , 761 F.3d 171, 177 (1st Cir. 2014). Instead, the court's duty to explicate its reasoning for imposing a variant sentence requires only a coherent justification.² See id.

The district court's explanation for imposing an upwardly variant 24-month sentence is admittedly terse. But no more is exigible under plain error review where, as here, the sentence imposed follows "by fair inference from the sentencing record." United States v. Montero-Montero , 817 F.3d 35, 38 (1st Cir. 2016). This proposition has special bite when one considers the celerity with which the appellant procured another gun while on supervised release for his earlier machine gun conviction. See , e.g. , United States v. Vázquez-Martínez , 812 F.3d 18, 24 (1st Cir. 2016) (affirming imposition of upwardly variant sentence under analogous circumstances).

In all events, the district court noted the principal factors upon which it relied, including the binary need to protect the public from, and to...