Mitchell v. H & R BLOCK, INC.
Decision Date | 17 November 2000 |
Citation | 783 So.2d 812 |
Parties | Levon MITCHELL and Geral Mitchell v. H & R BLOCK, INC., and Ruth Wren. |
Court | Alabama Supreme Court |
Steven A. Martino of Jackson, Taylor & Martino, P.C., Mobile, for appellants.
A. Inge Selden III, Stephen C. Jackson, and Carl S. Burkhalter of Maynard, Cooper & Gale, P.C., Birmingham; and Warren C. Herlong, Jr., of Helmsing, Sims & Leach, P.C., Mobile, for appellees.
The plaintiffs appeal from the trial court's order denying a class certification. They argue that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the certification. Because the trial court incorrectly adjudicated an issue of law in its analysis done pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3), Ala. R. Civ. P., and because it provided no analysis whatever under Rule 23(a), we reverse the order and remand.
The Mitchells sued H & R Block, Inc., and Ruth Wren on behalf of themselves and sought to be allowed to represent a class composed of all Alabama residents similarly situated. The Mitchells' claims arose out of a tax-refund-anticipation-loan ("RAL") program offered through H & R Block's company-owned and franchised offices. The Mitchells allege that H & R Block habitually received hidden profits from tax-refund-anticipation loans that were obtained on behalf of its clients from third-party lenders. The Mitchells originally stated four causes of action: 1) breach of fiduciary duty, 2) fraudulent suppression, 3) fraudulent misrepresentation, and 4) unjust enrichment. However, the Mitchells sought class certification only as to the breach-of-fiduciary duty and unjust-enrichment claims. The trial court denied class certification, based on its finding that the contract used in the RAL program did not establish a fiduciary relationship between H & R Block and the Mitchells.
The trial court's order denying class certification discusses the law on class certification; we quote that order here, in pertinent part:
Although an order denying class certification is an interlocutory order, it is appealable because it "finally determines a claim of right separate from and collateral to the rights asserted in the cause of action" and makes further judicial proceedings in the action ineffective. Butler v. Audio/Video Affiliates, Inc., 611 So.2d 330, 331 (Ala.1992). The question whether to certify a class is in the sound discretion of the trial court, and, so long as the trial court considers the correct criteria in making its determination, we review its ruling only to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion. Adams v. Robertson, 676 So.2d 1265, 1270 (Ala.1995), cert. dismissed as improvidently granted, 520 U.S. 83, 117 S.Ct. 1028, 137 L.Ed.2d 203 (1997); First Alabama Bank of Montgomery, N.A. v. Martin, 425 So.2d 415, 423 (Ala.1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 938, 103 S.Ct. 2109, 77 L.Ed.2d 313 (1983).
The Mitchells contend that the trial court abused its discretion in denying class certification as to the claims alleging breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. The Mitchells argue that by signing the loan document all class members authorized H & R Block to act on their behalf for the purpose of obtaining a loan and that H & R Block uniformly acted on that authorization and uniformly obtained undisclosed profits from the third-party lenders involved in the transactions. The Mitchells allege that in every case, H & R Block required its client to sign a loan application authorizing, and requesting, H & R Block to transfer certain information to the lender for the sole purpose of obtaining a loan on behalf of the client. The Mitchells claim that the loan documents, along with H & R Block's consent to the restrictions contained within those documents, created an agency relationship. The Mitchells also argue that the documents used by H & R Block contained uniform language.
In its order, the trial court held that the Mitchells' claims were not suitable for class certification, based on its finding that the language of the documents did not create an agency relationship between H & R Block and its clients. Although the issue was not raised by the Mitchells, the trial court went on to discuss the issue whether a fiduciary relationship existed outside the loan document. The trial court determined that finding whether a fiduciary relationship had been established in this manner would involve a "highly individualized inquiry" and that "common questions of law or fact" could not "predominate" in such an inquiry, citing Rule 23(b)(3).
The trial court, in effect, adjudicated the issue whether the loan documents and H & R Block's acceptance of the restrictions contained in those documents created a contractual agency relationship, and in its order it stated:
We conclude that the trial court erred by adjudicating, during the class-certification hearing, the issue whether the loan documents and the restrictions contained in those documents created an agency relationship. In adjudicating that issue, the court failed to address the hurdles a plaintiff must overcome under Rule 23(a).
As the trial court noted in its order, Alabama's Rule 23 and the corresponding federal rule (Rule 23, Fed.R.Civ. P.) are "virtually identical," Marshall Durbin & Co. v. Jasper Utilities Bd., 437 So.2d 1014, 1025 (Ala.1983), and "[f]ederal authorities are persuasive when [a court is] interpreting the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure." Rowan v. First Bank of Boaz, 476 So.2d 44, 46 (Ala.1985). In Briggs v. Countrywide Funding Corp., 183 F.R.D. 576 (M.D.Ala.1997), the United States District Court for...
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