United States v. Dicristina

Decision Date21 August 2012
Docket NumberNo. 11–CR–414.,11–CR–414.
Citation886 F.Supp.2d 164
PartiesUNITED STATES of America v. Lawrence DICRISTINA, Defendant.
CourtU.S. District Court — Eastern District of New York

OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE

Office of the United States Attorney, Brooklyn, NY, By: Marisa M. Seifan, Nathan Daniel Reilly, for the government.

Kannan Sundaram, Federal Defenders, Brooklyn, NY, for Defendant.

Kenneth M. Dreifach, ZwillGen, PLLC, New York, NY, By: Thomas C. Goldstein, Tejinder Singh, Goldstein & Russell, P.C., for amicus curiae Poker Players Alliance.

MEMORANDUM, ORDER, & JUDGMENT

JACK B. WEINSTEIN, Senior District Judge.

+-----------------+
                ¦Table of Contents¦
                +-----------------¦
                ¦                 ¦
                +-----------------+
                
+------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦I. ¦Introduction                                      ¦168  ¦
                +---+--------------------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦                                                  ¦     ¦
                +---+--------------------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦II.¦Facts                                             ¦170  ¦
                +------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------+
                ¦  ¦A.¦Procedural History              ¦170¦
                +--+--+--------------------------------+---¦
                ¦  ¦B.¦Evidence on Poker               ¦171¦
                +------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦1.¦Poker in the United States           ¦171 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦2.¦Game Play Generally                  ¦172 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦3.¦Expert Testimony                     ¦173 ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------+
                
+--------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦a.¦Defense Expert                      ¦173  ¦
                +---+---+--+--+------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦b.¦Government Expert                   ¦185  ¦
                +---+---+--+--+------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦c.¦Defense Expert's Supplemental Report¦189  ¦
                +--------------------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦4.¦Other Evidence                            ¦193  ¦
                +---+---+--+------------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦5.¦Conclusions of Other Courts and the States¦194  ¦
                +---+---+--+------------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦6.¦Compared to Video or “Joker” Poker        ¦197  ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------+
                ¦  ¦C.¦Evidence at Trial               ¦198¦
                +------------------------------------------+
                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦    ¦                                                               ¦       ¦
                +----+---------------------------------------------------------------+-------¦
                ¦III.¦Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure                             ¦198    ¦
                +----+---------------------------------------------------------------+-------¦
                ¦    ¦                                                               ¦       ¦
                +----+---------------------------------------------------------------+-------¦
                ¦IV. ¦Rules of Statutory Construction                                ¦199    ¦
                +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------+
                ¦  ¦A.¦Generally                       ¦199¦
                +--+--+--------------------------------+---¦
                ¦  ¦B.¦Rule of Lenity                  ¦199¦
                +------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------+
                ¦  ¦                                  ¦   ¦
                +--+----------------------------------+---¦
                ¦V.¦Federal Gambling Laws             ¦200¦
                +-----------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------+
                ¦  ¦A.¦Illegal Gambling Business Act   ¦200¦
                +------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦1.¦Statutory Language                   ¦200 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦2.¦Dictionary Definitions               ¦202 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦3.¦Common Law                           ¦202 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦4.¦Legislative History                  ¦203 ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦a.¦Purpose of the Statute             ¦203 ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-----------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦b.¦Definition of Gambling Generally   ¦205 ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-----------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦c.¦Discussion of Particular Games     ¦207 ¦
                +------------------------------------------------------+
                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦    ¦    ¦5. ¦Commission on the Review of the National Policy Towards¦210   ¦
                ¦    ¦    ¦   ¦Gambling                                               ¦      ¦
                +----+----+---+-------------------------------------------------------+------¦
                ¦    ¦    ¦6. ¦Subsequent Mafia Involvement in Poker Games            ¦211   ¦
                +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------+
                ¦  ¦B.¦Other Gambling Statutes         ¦212¦
                +------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦1.¦Contemporary with the IGBA           ¦212 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦2.¦Pre–IGBA                             ¦213 ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦a.¦Transporting Gambling Materials    ¦213 ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-----------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦b.¦Gambling Ships                     ¦215 ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-----------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦c.¦Wire Act                           ¦215 ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-----------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦d.¦Travel Act                         ¦215 ¦
                +------------------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦3.¦Post–IGBA                            ¦216 ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------+
                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦    ¦    ¦   ¦a. ¦Indian Gambling Regulatory Act                    ¦216   ¦
                +----+----+---+---+--------------------------------------------------+------¦
                ¦    ¦    ¦   ¦b. ¦National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act     ¦217   ¦
                +----+----+---+---+--------------------------------------------------+------¦
                ¦    ¦    ¦   ¦c. ¦Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006¦219   ¦
                +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦    ¦                                                               ¦       ¦
                +----+---------------------------------------------------------------+-------¦
                ¦VI. ¦Proof Needed That Business Engaged in “Gambling” Under the IGBA¦219    ¦
                +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦A. ¦Limited Case Law Interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 1955(b)(2) ¦219   ¦
                +---+---+-----------------------------------------------------+------¦
                ¦   ¦B. ¦Statutory Text and Legislative History are Ambiguous ¦221   ¦
                +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦1.¦Text                                 ¦221 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦2.¦Legislative History                  ¦223 ¦
                +---+---+--+-------------------------------------+----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦3.¦Other Federal Statutes               ¦224 ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------+
                
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦C. ¦Rule of Lenity Weighs in Favor of the Defendant¦224  ¦
                +-------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦    ¦                                                               ¦       ¦
                +----+---------------------------------------------------------------+-------¦
                ¦VII.¦Poker is Not Gambling Under IGBA                               ¦224    ¦
                +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦A. ¦No Controlling Federal Cases                  ¦225  ¦
                +---+---+----------------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦B. ¦Only “Games of Chance” Are Gambling Under IGBA¦226  ¦
                +------------------------------------------------------------+
                
+-----------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦1.¦Statute is Ambiguous                 ¦227 ¦
                +-----------------------------------------------------+
                
+---------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦a.¦Text                                 ¦227  ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦b.¦Dictionary and Common Law Definitions¦227  ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦c.¦Legislative History                  ¦227  ¦
                +---+---+--+--+-------------------------------------+-----¦
                ¦   ¦   ¦  ¦d.¦Other Federal Statutes               ¦228  ¦
                +---------------------------------------------------------+
                
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                ¦    ¦    ¦2. ¦Gambling Not Limited to House–Banked Games         ¦229   ¦
...

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