Wantock v. Armour & Co.

• Decision Date: 05 February 1944
• Docket Number: No. 8412.,8412.
• Citation: 140 F.2d 356
• Parties: WANTOCK et al. v. ARMOUR & CO.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

140 F.2d 356 (1944)

WANTOCK et al. v. ARMOUR & CO.

No. 8412.

Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

February 5, 1944.

Paul E. Blanchard, Chas. J. Faulkner, Jr., and John Potts Barnes, all of Chicago, Ill., for appellant.

Hart E. Baker, Ben Meyers, and Meyers & Meyers, all of Chicago, Ill., for appellees.

Before EVANS and SPARKS, Circuit Judges, and LINDLEY, District Judge.

EVANS, Circuit Judge.

This appeal involves the application and construction of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C.A. § 201 et seq. Specifically it is an action brought by two of defendant's employees to recover overtime compensation and liquidated damages. The terms of their employment were unusual and out of the ordinary in that, as auxiliary firemen, they were employed during one period on a 48-hour work shift with the ensuing 48 hours off and during another period there were alternating stretches of 24 hours on and 24 hours off.

During the work periods, appellees performed active, specific services from 8 A. M. until 5 P. M., with a half hour for lunch. At 5 P. M., their active labor ceased, and appellees were free to do as they pleased until 8 o'clock the next morning, subject, however, to the restriction that they had to remain in the firehouse so as to be subject to call in case of fire. They devoted this time from 5 P. M. to 8 A. M. to such recreations or sleeping or eating as their natures and desires dictated. They responded to fire calls if any were made, which was seldom.

Plaintiff Smith, on an average, responded to a call about once every four weeks, while Wantock was called once every three and one-half weeks. Smith's longest call took seven and a half hours, while Wantock's longest was three hours. The average call for Smith was fifty-eight minutes and for Wantock, forty-seven minutes.

Speculation suggests that the employees divided their time between reading, listening to the radio, solitaire, gin rummy, and sleeping. The District Court found, on the basis of scant testimony, that the employees devoted one and one-half hours to eating and seven hours to sleeping each twenty-four hours. It made deductions accordingly.

The judgment for Wantock was for overtime compensation of $505.67 and liquidated damages of $505.67 and $600 for attorneys' fees. The judgment for Smith was similar, excepting as to amounts. Overtime was $943.07, liquidated damages, $943.07, and attorneys' fees of $650.

Two questions are raised:

(a) Were plaintiffs engaged in the production of goods for commerce within the meaning of Title 29, Sec. 203(j) and Sec. 207, U.S.C.A.?

(b) Did plaintiffs work in excess of the maximum hours permitted by Title 29, Sec. 207, U.S.C.A., without payment of overtime wages?

(a) We are bound by the decision of the Court in Walton v. Southern Package Corporation, 64 S.Ct. 320, decided by the Supreme Court, January 3, 1944, and hold that plaintiffs were within the coverage of the Act in question. In other words, an auxiliary fireman is not unlike a night watchman, and his services are necessary for the production of goods for commerce so as to fall within the holding of this decision, which is binding upon us. See also, Kirschbaum v. Walling, 316 U.S. 517, 62 S.Ct. 1116, 86 L.Ed. 1638, which in the opinion of the concurring Justice bound him to the conclusion expressed in the majority opinion in said Walling case.

(b) On the second question, appellant cites, and relies heavily on, Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 5 Cir.,136 F.2d 112, which is nearly in point, but is distinguishable in fact from the instant case in that there the employer and employee agreed to special separate compensation in case the employees received a fire call. Appellant attempted to avoid this fact distinction by saying that here the employees were paid for the fire call service on the basis of weekly compensation whereas in the Skidmore case, the employees were paid extra, on an hourly basis, for answering fire alarm calls.

We think the appellant has not overcome the fact distinction of the Skidmore case, although we are not certain that such distinction would or should materially affect the conclusion.

It seems to us that the question is one which only the court of last resort can answer finally, and our conclusion affords but a resting place, as it were, for the passage of this question on its flight from the court of original...