Michigan Nat. Bank v. Quality Dinette, Inc., 89-1048
| Decision Date | 01 November 1989 |
| Docket Number | No. 89-1048,89-1048 |
| Citation | 888 F.2d 462 |
| Parties | MICHIGAN NATIONAL BANK, as assignee of SLi Machinery Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. QUALITY DINETTE, INC.; Re'Vod, Inc., Defendants-Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit |
Timothy E. Eagle (argued), Thomas C. Clinton, Varnum, Riddering, Schmidt & Howlett, Grand Rapids, Mich., for plaintiff-appellant.
Bradley K. Glazier, Douglas W. VanEssen (argued), Harold E. Nelson, Clary, Nantz, Wood, Hoffius, Rankin & Cooper, Grand Rapids, Mich., for defendants-appellees.
Before MARTIN and MILBURN, Circuit Judges, and CONTIE, Senior Circuit Judge.
Michigan National Bank appeals the district court's determination that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over the appellees under either of two provisions of Michigan's long-arm statutes: (1) general personal jurisdiction under Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.711; or (2) limited personal jurisdiction over a corporation "transacting any business within the state" pursuant to Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.715(1).
Appellees are closely held Alabama corporations with their principal places of business in Winston County, Alabama. Both appellees are engaged in the manufacture of furniture. Neither company owns property in Michigan. Neither company has a telephone listing in Michigan nor do they advertise in Michigan. Appellees, however, do retain a sales representative in Michigan and their sales in Michigan totaled $347,968.91 from 238 sales in 1986 and $279,557.32 from 171 sales in 1987.
SLi Machinery Corporation is engaged in the business of supplying equipment and machinery used in the manufacture of furniture. Appellees first learned of SLi's products at a trade show in Atlanta, Georgia. Negotiations between the parties for the possible sale of various furniture manufacturing machines subsequently took place in Alabama. On May 20, 1986, Appellee Re'Vod, Inc., contracted with SLi to purchase three furniture manufacturing machines manufactured in Italy: the Balestrini tenoner machine, Balestrini mortising machine, and Gabbiani tenoning machine. The three machines were to be manufactured in Italy by a third party and both Balestrini machines were to be shipped to an east coast port where the appellee was to take delivery. The Gabbiani Machine was to be delivered F.O.B. Atlanta, Georgia.
Similarly, Appellee Quality Dinette, Inc., contracted with SLi for the purchase of a fourth machine, the Balestrini copy shaper. This machine was originally to be picked up by the appellee from SLi's warehouse in Grand Rapids, Michigan, but a revised purchase order changed the shipment terms to F.O.B. Greensboro, North Carolina. SLi subsequently assigned its rights under the contracts to the appellant, Michigan National Bank.
The Gabbiani tenoning machine and the Balestrini copy shaper were shipped to appellees who subsequently paid a portion of the purchase price on each, leaving an unpaid balance of approximately $12,900 on the Gabbiani tenoning machine and $50,122 on the Balestrini copy shaper. Appellees cancelled their order prior to the delivery of the remaining two machines, alleging that the appellant was unable to ship the machines within the contracted time for delivery. Appellees have not received delivery of the remaining two machines, and their deposits have not been refunded.
The appellant, Michigan National Bank, as assignee of SLi Machinery Corporation's contracts, brought this action in the district court seeking recovery of the balance due on both contracts. Appellees filed a motion to dismiss asserting that they do not have sufficient minimum contacts with Michigan to subject them to Michigan's personal jurisdiction.
On July 5, 1988, the district court entered an Opinion and Order holding that insufficient grounds had been shown to establish personal jurisdiction based on consent (pursuant to Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.711(2)) or limited personal jurisdiction (pursuant to Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.715(1)). After allowing additional discovery and the submission of additional briefs and affidavits, the district court entered its later Opinion holding that no general personal jurisdiction existed pursuant to Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.711(3). The district court granted appellees' motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2).
This timely appeal followed.
The district court sitting in Michigan possesses long-arm jurisdiction solely by virtue of Michigan's long-arm statutes. Serras v. First Tennessee Bank Nat'l Ass'n, 875 F.2d 1212, 1216 (6th Cir.1989). Appellant argues that appellees conducted a "continuous and systematic part of their general business" within Michigan thereby permitting Michigan to exercise general personal jurisdiction over appellees pursuant to Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.711(3) which provides:
600.711 Corporations; general personal jurisdiction
Sec. 711. The existence of any of the following relationships between a corporation and the state shall constitute a sufficient basis of jurisdiction to enable the courts of record of this state to exercise general personal jurisdiction over the corporation and to enable such courts to render personal judgments against the corporation.
(3) The carrying on of a continuous and systematic part of its general business within the state.
Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.711(3) (West 1981). The reach of this in personam jurisdiction is limited by the due process clause of the federal constitution. See World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980); International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945).
Although the International Shoe standard sets liberal boundaries for state long-arm jurisdiction under federal due process, due process does not compel states to reach the limits of those boundaries. Perkins v. Benguet Consol. Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437, 72 S.Ct. 413, 96 L.Ed. 485 (1952). Generally speaking, the Michigan statute confers on the state courts the maximum scope of personal jurisdiction permitted by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. LAK, Inc., v. Deer Creek Enter., 885 F.2d 1293 (6th Cir.1989).
Interpreting Mich.Comp.Laws Sec. 600.711(3), the court in Kircos v. Lola Cars Ltd., 97 Mich.App. 379, 296 N.W.2d 32 (1980), held that "[w]here a corporation is involved, testing whether it is present within a state will require, in almost all instances, a determination that it was present because of the presence of a person who was its agent." Id. at 384, 296 N.W.2d 32. Id. at 386, 296 N.W.2d 32 (emphasis added) (citing Storie v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 417 F.Supp. 141, 145 (E.D.Mich.1976)).
The district court in the instant action concluded that appellees did not conduct a continuous and systematic part of their business within Michigan. The district court, therefore, granted appellees' motion to dismiss appellant's general personal jurisdiction claim. In reaching its conclusion, the district court relied on the following facts:
1. Appellees own no property in Michigan.
2. Appellees have no employees, bank accounts or telephone listings in Michigan.
3. Appellees have not solicited sales by telephone in Michigan.
4. Appellees have not participated in trade shows or other promotional events in Michigan.
5. Appellees have not paid taxes to Michigan or collected Michigan sales tax.
Appellant, however, presented numerous facts that are indicative of appellees' "continuous and systematic" business within Michigan:
1. Appellees retained Herman Sussman of Farmington, Michigan, to act as their independent sales representative in Michigan.
2. Appellees conducted mail order solicitations of businesses in Michigan.
3. Appellees solicited sales from 122 businesses in Michigan in 1988.
4. Appellees made 171 sales in Michigan totaling $279,557.32 in 1987. (This figure represents approximately 3% of appellees' total sales in 1987).
5. In 1986, the year in which the transactions forming the basis of this action occurred, appellees made 238 sales totaling $347,968.91 in Michigan.
6. Appellees made at least one sale in Michigan in each and every month during 1986 and 1987.
A trial court's determination that certain activities are sufficient to bring a corporation within the jurisdiction of the court is a legal question subject to direct review. Kircos v. Lola Cars Ltd., 97 Mich.App. at 383-84, 296 N.W.2d 32.
In Kircos v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 70 Mich.App. 612, 247 N.W.2d 316 (1976), the Michigan court exercised its general personal jurisdiction over the defendant, noting that:
The facts show that the defendant solicited sales in Michigan by direct mail, advertising media, personal contact, and automobile races. It also maintained a dealer in Michigan. Furthermore, it realized an average of 2.78% of its total revenue during 1970-1974 from Michigan customers and 1.67% of its total revenue ($32,117) in the year preceding this action....
Id. at 614, 247 N.W.2d 316. Similarly, in June v. Vibra Screw Feeders, Inc., 6 Mich.App. 484, 149 N.W.2d 480 (1967), the Michigan court held:
The question becomes whether the appellant maintained 'continuous and systematic' contacts necessary to satisfy the doctrine of International Shoe, and the applicable statute. The record and exhibits submitted show that in the year preceding this action, the appellant had dozens of sales in Michigan throughout the year, which altogether totalled over $30,000. Statements of appellant's counsel show the Michigan customers of the appellant to be among the large industries of Michigan....
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