Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc. v. Stricklin, PRUDENTIAL-BACHE

• Citation: 890 F.2d 704
• Decision Date: 06 December 1989
• Docket Number: No. 89-2042,PRUDENTIAL-BACHE,89-2042
• Parties: SECURITIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James M. STRICKLIN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (4th Circuit)

Page 704

890 F.2d 704

PRUDENTIAL-BACHE SECURITIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James M. STRICKLIN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 89-2042.

United States Court of Appeals,

Fourth Circuit.

Argued Oct. 3, 1989.

Decided Dec. 6, 1989.

L. Holmes Eleazer, Jr. (Fenton T. Erwin, Jr., Weinstein & Sturges, P.A., Charlotte, N.C., on brief), for defendant-appellant.

Richard Byron Whisnant (John R. Wester, Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, P.A., Charlotte, N.C., on brief) for plaintiff-appellee.

Before POWELL, Associate Justice (Retired), United States Supreme Court, sitting by designation, and ERVIN, Chief Circuit Judge, and HILTON, United States District Judge, sitting by designation.

POWELL, Associate Justice:

The question presented is whether appellee wrongfully liquidated appellant's trading positions in "naked put options" on October 16, 1987. We find that appellee's action was authorized by contract and does not provide a legal defense to a valid debt owed by appellant to appellee. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's grant of appellee's motion for summary judgment.

I.

Appellant James M. Stricklin was a broker in the Charlotte office of the brokerage firm J.C. Bradford & Company. On March 5, 1987, he signed an agreement with appellee Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc. opening a personal trading account. Appellant used his Prudential-Bache account to sell (or "write") put option contracts based on the Standard & Poors Index. For a fixed premium, one of appellant's customers could purchase the option to sell to appellant, within some period of time, a certain number of "shares" in the Standard & Poors Index for a fixed price. If the index rose above the fixed price during the period of the option, the customer would not exercise the option since he could sell the shares for a higher price on the open market. The option would then expire, and appellant would keep the premium. If the index declined below the fixed price, the customer would exercise the option, and appellant would have to buy the shares at a price higher than the price for which he could then sell those shares on the open market. The greater the decline in the index, the greater appellant's losses.

If appellant also owned put option contracts, or maintained a short position, on the Standard & Poors Index, his positions would be "covered." If a customer exercised an option, appellant could purchase the customer's shares and then immediately sell those shares at a fixed price to a third party. Appellant did not hold such positions. The put option contracts he sold were "naked" (or "uncovered"). As such, he needed either to deposit in his Prudential-Bache account an amount equal to the aggregate exercise prices of all of the put option contracts he wrote or to maintain his account "on margin." Appellant chose the latter. In essence, he deposited with appellee a portion of the money needed to cover all of the options he sold and borrowed the rest from appellee.

Once this relationship is established, the holder of the option will look to the brokerage house, not to the broker operating the account on margin, for performance in the event of exercise. See G. Munn, Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance 738 (8th ed. 1983). If appellant's customers exercise their options, appellee will purchase the shares for the price stated in the put option and then post a loss to appellant's account. The amount of the loss is the difference between the amount paid for the shares and the value of those shares on the open market. If the losses exceed the original deposit, appellee can recover this amount from appellant.

As the Standard & Poors Index drops, the put writer's losses increase, thus increasing his liability to appellee. Since the index can drop hypothetically all the way to zero, this liability can increase almost infinitely. ¹ Since brokers often cannot pay back such enormous losses, securities firms try to limit their exposure by using two methods. First, the firm can issue a margin call. This means that the put writer must deposit more of his own funds into the account to continue activity. Second, the firm can liquidate the put writer's position by buying back all of the put options the writer sold. This is generally done at a substantial loss, but it eliminates the possibility of greater losses if the index drops even farther.

II.

Friday, October 16, 1987, was the first of two consecutive trading days in which our nation's securities exchanges took historic plunges. At 9:30 a.m., losses in appellant's account exceeded $100,000.00. See Joint Appendix ("J.A.") at 48-49, 78. To protect itself from further losses, appellee--by telephone--issued a margin call for appellant's account. Appellant stated that he did not have enough cash immediately available to meet the call, but could do so by Monday. See id. at 77. The stock market continued to plummet, creating ever-escalating losses on appellant's account. At approximately 10:45 a.m., appellee notified appellant that it was closing out his positions by buying back all of the put options appellant had written. The total loss on appellant's account was $134,713.91.

Appellee filed suit to recover the amount due on the account. Appellant defended and counterclaimed, asserting that appellee had wrongfully terminated his positions by failing to give him the customary 24 hours to meet his margin calls. The district court granted appellee's motion for summary judgment. The court found that appellee's liquidation of the account was authorized by the contract appellant signed to establish his margin account. The court also held that, given the volatile state of the market and the fact that appellant's negative account balance meant essentially that he was trading with appellee's money, appellee's actions were prudent.

III.

The Client Agreement signed by appellant states in pertinent part:

Whenever in your [appellee's] discretion you deem it desirable for your protection (and without the necessity of a margin call) ... you may, without prior demand, tender, and without any notice of the time or place of sale, all of which are expressly waived, ... buy any securities, or commodities or contracts relating thereto of which my account or accounts may be short, in order to close out in whole or in part any commitment in my behalf ... and neither any demands, calls, tenders or notices which you may make or give in any one or more instances nor any prior course of conduct or dealings between us shall invalidate the aforesaid waivers on my part.

Id. at 6, p 5. Appellant is an experienced, knowledgeable, sophisticated trader. See Brief of Appellant at 2. He has not alleged that he did not understand the provisions of the Client Agreement. In exchange for the privilege of trading on margin ...