United States v. Vázquez-Vázquez, 15-2073

• Decision Date: 24 March 2017
• Docket Number: No. 15-2073,15-2073
• Citation: 852 F.3d 62
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Christian VÁZQUEZ-VÁZQUEZ, Defendant, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

852 F.3d 62

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,

v.Christian VÁZQUEZ-VÁZQUEZ, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 15-2073

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

March 24, 2017

German A. Rieckehoff , San Juan, PR, on brief for appellant.

Nelson Pérez-Sosa , Assistant United States Attorney, Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez , United States Attorney, and Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte , Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, on brief for appellee.

Before Torruella, Selya, and Barron, Circuit Judges.

BARRON, Circuit Judge.

In this appeal, Christian Vázquez-Vázquez (Vázquez) challenges his sentence of thirty-six months' imprisonment following the revocation of his term of supervised release. We affirm.

I.

On November 18, 2011, Vázquez pled guilty to the offense of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute controlled substances, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846, and 860, in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. On May 24, 2012, he was sentenced to twenty-four months' imprisonment and eight years' supervised release, which began on February 18, 2014. On June 24, 2015, however, Vázquez's probation officer filed a motion notifying the District Court of alleged violations of the conditions of Vázquez's supervised release. After a hearing, the District Court determined that Vázquez had violated the conditions, revoked supervised release, and sentenced Vázquez to thirty-six months' imprisonment.

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), a court may revoke a term of supervised release and require the defendant to serve a term of imprisonment upon finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant violated a condition of supervised release. Under that subsection, the term of imprisonment may not be longer than the term of the supervised release that had been imposed. Id. In addition, that subsection provides that the term of imprisonment may not be longer than three years if the conviction for which the supervised release was imposed was a Class B felony—which Vázquez's conviction was. Id.

Section 3583(e) directs the sentencing court to consider a subset of the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) before setting a term of imprisonment after revocation of supervised release. These factors include "the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant," § 3553(a)(1) ; the need for "adequate deterrence," § 3553(a)(2)(B) ; and the need to "protect the public," § 3553(a)(2)(C).

The United States Sentencing Guidelines prescribe an advisory range for the term of imprisonment to be imposed upon revocation of supervised release. The guidelines base that range on the defendant's criminal history category and the nature of the violations of the conditions of supervised release. U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4. Under the guidelines, violations of conditions of supervised release are assigned a grade of "A," "B," or "C." Id. § 7B1.1(a). The guidelines provide that where "there is more than one violation of the conditions of supervision ... the grade of the violation is determined by the violation having the most serious grade." Id. § 7B1.1(b).

Vázquez's violation with the most serious grade is the violation for possession of a firearm as a felon, which is a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and is punishable by a term exceeding one year. Id. § 924(a)(2) (providing for sentence of "not more than 10 years"). Under the guidelines, that violation of a condition of supervised release is a Grade B violation, because it is a "federal ... offense punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year." U.S.S.G. § 7B1.1(a)(2).

The guidelines establish a sentencing range of six to twelve months' imprisonment upon revocation of supervised release if the defendant has a criminal history category of II, as Vázquez did, and has committed a Grade B violation, which Vázquez had. U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(a). Both Vázquez and the government advocated for a sentence within that guidelines range. The District Court, however, imposed a sentence of thirty-six months. That sentence was three times greater than the upper end of the guidelines range and equal to the statutory maximum the District Court could impose under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). Vázquez now appeals that sentence.

II.

Vázquez first contends that, in varying from the guidelines range, the District Court erred procedurally by not explaining the sentence imposed with reference to the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). Generally, for procedural challenges, "we afford de novo review to the sentencing court's interpretation and application of the sentencing guidelines, assay the court's factfinding for clear error, and evaluate its judgment calls for abuse of discretion." United States v. Ruiz-Huertas , 792 F.3d 223, 226 (1st Cir.), cert. denied , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 258, 193 L.Ed.2d 191 (2015). But, Vázquez did not object below to the District Court's failure to provide an explanation of the sentence by reference to § 3583(e). And, "where the appellant has failed to preserve a claim of procedural error below, review is for plain error." United States v. Montero-Montero , 817 F.3d 35, 37 (1st Cir. 2016). Vázquez has not satisfied this demanding standard.¹

We are mindful that "[t]he farther the judge's sentence departs from the guidelines sentence ... the more compelling the justification based on factors in [the statute] that the judge must offer in order to enable the court of appeals to assess the reasonableness of the sentence imposed." United States v. Smith , 445 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Dean , 414 F.3d 725, 729 (7th Cir. 2005) ). But, given the explanation that the District Court did provide, "it is easy to infer the district court's sentencing rationale." Ruiz-Huertas , 792 F.3d at 228.

At the sentencing hearing, the District Court explained that Vázquez is "no neophyte" to crime and that the presentence report gave a "good history" of "everything he has done before."² The District Court then gave a lengthy summary of its factual findings from the evidentiary hearing regarding Vázquez's violations of the conditions of supervised release.

The District Court stated that, after being released from custody on supervised release, Vázquez left his hometown of Corozal, Puerto Rico, for the town of Guayama, and upon arriving there, chose to live near the Luis Pales Matos Housing Project, which is "a nest of drug dealing." And, the District Court found, once Vázquez moved there, he associated with at least three people who sell drugs, one of whom was on probation. The District Court then found, based on testimony at the evidentiary hearing, that Vázquez possessed a firearm, which he shot twice into the air.

Finally, the District Court pointed out—correctly—that these events happened "not too long" after Vázquez was placed on supervised release. The shooting at the Luis Pales Matos Public Housing Project took place on March 15, 2015, and Vázquez had begun his term of supervised release on February 18, 2014.

Thus, the District Court directly referenced both "the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant." 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). And while the District Court did not then expressly state that those factors warranted a sentence of the length imposed for reasons of ensuring "adequate deterrence" or "protect[ing] the public," 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), it is evident that this was the District Court's rationale.

This case is thus unlike United States v. Franquiz-Ortiz , 607 F.3d 280 (1st Cir. 2010), upon which Vázquez relies. There, we found that the district court had failed to adequately explain its imposition of a sentence of twenty-four months' imprisonment upon revoking the defendant's term of supervised release. Id. at 282. The sentence, which was the maximum possible sentence under the statute, was more than double the high end of the guidelines range, which was four to ten months' imprisonment. Id. at 281-82. But in that case, the district court provided only a three-line explanation, which did not reference the presentence report. Id. at 282. And, the district court gave that brief explanation after the defendant had waived his right to a preliminary hearing to determine whether he had violated the conditions of supervised release. Id. Thus, we explained that the district court in that case did not have before it any specific facts related to the violation. Id. Here, by contrast, the District Court gave a lengthy description of the basis for the sentence imposed, which relied on both the details of Vázquez's criminal history, as set forth in the presentence report, and on facts related to the violations of the conditions of supervised release that the District Court found at the hearing.

Moreover, in explaining its basis for imposing the sentence, the District Court did not err (as Vázquez contends the District Court did) by failing expressly to mention possibly mitigating facts, such as Vázquez's earning of a general educational development certificate—referred to as a GED—and his enrollment in college. As we have made clear before, "a sentencing court is not required to address the § 3553(a) factors one by one, in some sort of rote incantation when explicating its sentencing decision, nor must the court afford each of the ...