U.S. v. Lucas, 89-1287

Citation898 F.2d 606
Decision Date12 March 1990
Docket NumberNo. 89-1287,89-1287
Parties29 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 969 UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Gerald L. LUCAS, Appellant.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit)

R. Steven Brown, Springfield, Mo., for appellant.

J. Daniel Stewart, Kansas City, Mo., for appellee.

Before JOHN R. GIBSON and WOLLMAN, Circuit Judges, and ROSS, Senior Circuit Judge.

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

A jury convicted Gerald Lucas of robbing two branches of the Home Savings Association in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2113 (1988). On appeal, he argues: (1) that the Government failed to prove, as required by section 2113, that the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) insured Home Savings' deposits when the robberies occurred; (2) that a gun seized when he was arrested should have been suppressed; (3) that the district court 1 erroneously permitted Lucas' girlfriend to identify him, at trial, in surveillance photographs; and (4) that the district court improperly considered certain of Lucas' past arrests and convictions when sentencing him.

Lucas was initially tried on a charge of robbing the Home Savings Association branch at 2614 Independence Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. A mistrial was declared when the jury failed to reach a unanimous verdict. After the mistrial, the Government filed a superseding indictment charging Lucas not only with robbing the Independence Avenue location, but also with robbing a Home Savings branch at 3568 Broadway Street in Kansas City, Missouri.

At the second trial, the Government attempted to prove that the FSLIC insured Home Savings' deposits by introducing a Certificate of Insurance issued by the FSLIC to Home Savings and by the testimony of two witnesses. Joe Cruse, the manager of the Broadway branch, identified the Certificate of Insurance, stated that it covered all of Home Savings' branches, and said that it was in effect when the robberies occurred. A teller at the Independence Avenue branch, Dana Glorioso, also testified that the FSLIC insured the accounts of the Independence Avenue branch during the relevant time period.

Lucas was arrested in the kitchen of an apartment at 3499 Wyoming Street in Kansas City, Missouri. Hope Lane, Lucas' girlfriend, opened the apartment door when police officers knocked upon it. Through the doorway, the officers saw Lucas sitting in the kitchen with two other persons. As the officers walked toward Lucas, he stood up and reached toward a kitchen cabinet. He repeatedly stretched his arm toward the cabinet during his ensuing struggle with the arresting officers. After Lucas was subdued, one of the officers opened the cabinet door and found a pistol.

On June 6, 1988, Lucas filed a motion in the district court to suppress introducing the gun into evidence. In that motion, he argued that the search of the cabinet was not a permissible warrantless search incident to his arrest, see Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685 (1969), because he had been handcuffed before the search was made. After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate, 2 citing United States v. Palumbo, 735 F.2d 1095 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 934, 105 S.Ct. 332, 83 L.Ed.2d 268 (1984), and United States v. Queen, 847 F.2d 346 (7th Cir.1988), upheld the search as incident to Lucas' arrest.

Lucas filed objections to the magistrate's report in the district court. In those objections, he reiterated his argument that the weapon was not within his immediate control when it was seized. After reviewing the report on a de novo basis, the district court 3 adopted all of the report's conclusions and reasoning.

At the second trial, the Government asked Lucas' girlfriend to identify him in surveillance photographs taken during the bank robberies. Lucas' objection to allowing such an identification was overruled, and she did testify regarding the photographs.

The district court, when sentencing Lucas, had before it his record which included a number of arrests and convictions. In evaluating Lucas' claimed incompetence, the district court considered this entire record.

I.

The indictment in this case stated that the accounts of Home Savings were insured by the FSLIC. Thus, the Government was required to show that the money stolen by Lucas was insured by the FSLIC. See 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2113(g); 12 U.S.C. Secs. 1724-1730 (1988). Lucas argues that the decisions in United States v. Hadley, 671 F.2d 1112 (8th Cir.1982); United States v. Brown, 616 F.2d 844 (5th Cir.1980); United States v. Fitzpatrick, 581 F.2d 1221 (5th Cir.1978) (per curiam); United States v. Clemons, 532 F.2d 122 (8th Cir.1976) (per curiam); Scruggs v. United States, 450 F.2d 359 (8th Cir.1971), cert. denied sub nom. 405 U.S. 1071, 92 S.Ct. 1521, 31 L.Ed.2d 804 (1972); and Kane v. United States, 431 F.2d 172 (8th Cir.1970), demonstrate that the Government's proof of insurance coverage was deficient in this case.

To establish the insurance element, the Government offered Home Savings' Certificate of Insurance and testimony by both a branch manager and teller. Lucas contends that this proof was inadequate because it contained neither testimony by a bank officer nor a cancelled check showing that Home Savings had paid a premium covering FSLIC insurance for the date of the robberies. We are not persuaded by this argument.

Although Lucas relies on cases in which a cancelled check or testimony by a bank officer 4 was offered to help establish the element of federal insurance, none of those cases held that the Government's proof would have been insufficient without those items. While the proof in this case was less than ideal, we believe that Mr. Cruse's responsibilities as a branch manager qualified him to testify regarding the insured status of the institution's funds. It is also significant that the Government's evidence concerning insurance was uncontradicted. Therefore, we hold that the Government's burden of establishing the existence of federal insurance has been satisfied on the record before us. 5 In so holding, we note that other circuits have accepted similar proof as sufficient. See, e.g., United States v. Baldwin, 644 F.2d 381, 385 (5th Cir. Unit A June 1981) (per curiam) (either a Certificate of Insurance or uncontradicted testimony sufficient); United States v. Ford, 642 F.2d 77, 78 (4th Cir.) (a Certificate of Insurance plus testimony by a branch manager sufficient), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 917, 101 S.Ct. 1996, 68 L.Ed.2d 310 (1981). See generally United States v. Maner, 611 F.2d 107, 111 n. 1 (5th Cir.1980) (collecting cases).

II.

Lucas argues that the search that produced the gun falls outside the scope of the doctrine governing searches incident to arrest. In Chimel, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, the Supreme Court discussed the permissible scope of a warrantless search incident to a lawful arrest, and it held that, "There is ample justification ... for a search of the arrestee's person and the area 'within his immediate control'--construing that phrase to mean the area from within which he might gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence." Id. at 763, 89 S.Ct. at 2040. Chimel reveals the Court's belief that allowing warrantless searches incident to arrest will promote the safety of arresting officers and avoid the possible destruction of evidence. Id.

The magistrate found that Lucas was seated at a kitchen table with two other men as the officers stood in the front doorway of the apartment in which he was arrested. As Lucas began to get up from the table, the officers entered the apartment and ran into the kitchen. Two officers attempted to apprehend Lucas, and one officer monitored the other two men seated at the table. By the time the officers reached Lucas, his hand was within inches of the handle on a cabinet door. During the ensuing struggle, which lasted for approximately forty seconds, Lucas and the two officers slid around on the slick floor. At one point, Lucas fell to the floor, and the skirmish continued until Lucas was handcuffed. As an officer pulled Lucas from the floor and moved him toward the living room, another officer immediately stood up, opened the cabinet door that Lucas had been attempting to reach, and found a chrome automatic pistol inside the cabinet. The two men seated at the kitchen table were not handcuffed until after the gun was discovered. (Magistrate's Report pp 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, at 5-6). The magistrate's findings were adopted by the district court after de novo review, and no argument is made on appeal that they are clearly erroneous. See United States v. Thompson, 876 F.2d 1381, 1383 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 192, 107 L.Ed.2d 147 (1989); see also United States v. Rodriguez, 888 F.2d 519, 521-22 (7th Cir.1989) (providing a convincing argument for applying clearly erroneous review to a magistrate's findings that have been adopted by a district court). Our analysis is thus based upon these facts.

Lucas argues that Chimel does not justify the search here because he was being escorted, handcuffed, from the kitchen when the search occurred. While relevant under Chimel, this is not a determinative factor. Rather, the question is whether, in light of all of the circumstances, the police conducted a valid search incident to Lucas' arrest. Considering the totality of the circumstances, we hold that they did.

Palumbo, 735 F.2d at 1097, in accord with New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 457-62, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 2862-65, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981), establishes that a warrantless search incident to an arrest may be valid even though a court, operating with the benefit of hindsight in an environment well removed from the scene of the arrest, doubts that the defendant could have reached the items seized during the search. Cf. United States v. Bruton, 647 F.2d 818, 823 (8th Cir.) (stating that this court "should not, in the quiet of our chambers, look with...

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