Rose v. Lane, 87-2494
| Decision Date | 06 August 1990 |
| Docket Number | No. 87-2494,87-2494 |
| Citation | 910 F.2d 400 |
| Parties | James ROSE, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Michael P. LANE, et al., Respondents-Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
Thomas A. Roberts, Mark E. Wilson, Sidley & Austin, Chicago, Ill., for petitioner-appellant.
Nathan P. Maddox, Douglas K. Smith, Asst. Atty. Gen., Office of the Atty. Gen., Criminal Appeals Div., Springfield, Ill., for respondents-appellees.
Before CUDAHY, FLAUM and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.
James Rose appeals the district court's denial of his petition for habeas corpus. He claims that he was denied due process of law when the trial court gave a jury instruction on the burden of proof that was in violation of state law. For the reasons stated below, we reverse the district court and grant the writ of habeas corpus.
The facts in this case are undisputed. On March 16, 1983, Rose shot and killed Tommy Mays. That morning Rose and Mays argued for some time and Mays made threatening statements to Rose. Their paths crossed that afternoon when Rose pulled his car next to Mays, who was walking along the side of the road. The two began to argue and as tempers flared, Rose shot Mays twice, killing him.
In October 1983, a Circuit Court of St. Clair County, Illinois convicted Rose in a jury trial of murder and armed violence and acquitted him of voluntary manslaughter. Rose attempted to prove at trial that he believed the shooting was justified because he feared for his life. The court instructed the jury on murder and voluntary manslaughter according to the Illinois pattern jury instructions then applicable. These included an instruction stating that the jury could not convict Rose of voluntary manslaughter unless the State proved that Rose held an unreasonable belief at the time of the shooting that his actions were justified. The court did not instruct the jury that to convict Rose for murder, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Rose lacked a belief that circumstances justified or exonerated the killing.
Rose objected to the murder instruction on grounds not relevant to this appeal and did not object to the voluntary manslaughter instruction or the burden of proof for voluntary manslaughter. On appeal, Rose argued that the jury instructions violated state law and the due process clause. The Illinois Appellate Court noted that Rose had waived his arguments because he had not objected to the instructions at trial. The court went on, however, to address the merits, holding that under People v. McGee, 110 Ill.App.3d 766, 66 Ill.Dec. 894, 443 N.E.2d 1057 (1982), the trial court is not required to instruct the jury that the State must negate the elements of voluntary manslaughter beyond a reasonable doubt. The Illinois Supreme Court denied review.
Rose then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court, realleging that the jury instructions violated the due process clause. The district court held that Rose had procedurally defaulted by not objecting to the instruction at trial. Rose appeals the denial of the writ.
After the district court's decision in this case, the Illinois Supreme Court decided People v. Reddick, 123 Ill.2d 184, 122 Ill.Dec. 1, 526 N.E.2d 141 (1988). In Reddick, a consolidated appeal, the State charged both defendants with murder, and both defendants asserted that circumstances existed that would lower the offense to voluntary manslaughter. The trial courts instructed the juries with the Illinois Pattern Jury instructions for murder and manslaughter, the same instructions under which Rose was convicted.
The Illinois Supreme Court invalidated the instructions and reversed the appellants' convictions, holding that the instructions improperly allocated the burden of proof because they did not require the State to prove the nonexistence of circumstances that would reduce the crime to voluntary manslaughter. The court held that the Illinois Criminal Code of 1961 required the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the voluntary manslaughter defense has no merit.
Rose now claims that because his jury instructions violated Reddick, he was denied due process. 1 He also argues that the jury instructions were fundamentally unfair because they precluded a finding of voluntary manslaughter. After argument, but before this decision, this Court decided Falconer v. Lane, 905 F.2d 1129 (7th Cir.1990). Falconer concerned the same Illinois Pattern Jury instructions for murder and manslaughter and their constitutional implications. We held, following Reddick, that the instructions were gravely erroneous and denied the defendant due process of law. Falconer is, therefore, dispositive of this matter, leaving us to address procedural default and whether the error was harmless when applied to this set of facts.
We turn first to procedural default. The district court held that federal review was foreclosed because Rose defaulted on his due process claim when he did not offer an alternative instruction. See Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977). The district court relied on the state appellate court's finding that "the petitioner failed to request an instruction" concerning the State's burden of disproving the elements of voluntary manslaughter and had therefore waived this issue. The district court concluded that Rose had not preserved his claim.
The district court, however, decided this case before Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989). We believe that under Harris, Rose's claim is not procedurally barred. "The Supreme Court held in Harris that the 'plain statement' rule of Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1042 and n. 7, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 3477, and n. 7, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201, applies to federal habeas cases as well as to cases on direct review." Rogers-Bey v. Lane, 896 F.2d 279, 281 (7th Cir.1990). The rule in Harris is that "a procedural default does not bar consideration of a federal claim on either direct or habeas review unless the last state court rendering a judgment in the case clearly and expressly states that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar." Harris, 109 S.Ct. at 1043 (citations omitted, emphasis added).
In Rogers-Bey we considered the situation where an Illinois appellate court finds an issue waived but goes on to consider the merits under a plain error analysis. We held that where the court reaches plain error, it must state clearly that it is reaching the plain error analysis only as an alternative to waiver. 2 "[T]he state court must not only rely on the procedural default, it must actually state that it is doing so and that other grounds are reached only in the alternative." Rogers-Bey, 896 F.2d at 282.
We do not believe that in this case the Illinois court clearly and...
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